The quasi-experimental design of the study

The current study aimed to compare the impact of using the Canva platform and generative AI tools (ChatGPT → DALL·E/Sora) on developing history student-teachers' ability to simplify historical concepts and the quality of their visual outputs, while also exploring the role of digital engagement as an explanatory variable. A quasi-experimental pre-post design was used with two parallel groups (n = 10 each), relying on a standardized test to measure concept simplification, a visual output quality checklist, and a digital engagement scale, in addition to semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the Canva group outperformed in visual symbol production and overall simplification ability, though not statistically significant. In contrast, generative tools significantly excelled in design quality, creativity, coherence, total score, and digital engagement. No direct relationship was found between simplification ability and output quality, and digital engagement did not moderate the outcomes. The study recommends integrating interactive design and generative tools into university history curricula, alongside developing digital assessment tools.