Bivariate assessment of risk factors for death by any cause among the training cohort.

All analysis were performed by the Cox proportional hazard regression. Entries are the regression coefficients and their standard errors from a bivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model. Positive coefficients imply that the risk of death increases with increasing values of a risk factor. The P values reflect the role of chance in these findings (that is, the test the regression coefficient = 0). The relative risk attributable to a risk factor can be estimated from the regression coefficients. ‡ Coded: 0 = stage 0 to 4 = stage IV.