How far is enough? Prediction of the scale of effect for wild bees

A crucial issue for landscape ecologists is identifying the spatial extents at which a landscape affects species occurrence. Multi-scale analyses are usually conducted to identify the “scale of effect”, that is, the spatial extent associated with the best relationship between landscape variables and species occurrence, which is assumed to be related to species traits. However, few guidelines exist to determine the range of distances to be investigated. Based on the foraging distances of wild bee species, our main goal was to estimate the maximum distance of effect, that is, the distance beyond which the scale of effect for wild bee species is unlikely to be detected. Using the InVEST pollination model, we (i) modelled bee categories with distinct foraging distances and identified the scale of effect on their simulated abundance (ii) defined an index, noted λ, that estimates the distance beyond which landscape composition has only negligible effects on simulated abundances. We validated ...