Biotic interactions promote local adaptation to soil in plants - Supplementary data

Although different ecological factors shape adaptative evolution in natural habitats, we know little about how their interactions impact local adaptation. Here we used eight generations of experimental evolution with outcrossing Brassica rapa plants as a model system, in eight treatment groups that varied in soil type, herbivory (with/without aphids), and pollination mode (hand- or bumblebee-pollination), to study how biotic interactions affect local adaptation to soil. First, we show that several plant traits evolved in response to biotic interactions in a soil-specific way. Second, using a reciprocal transplant experiment, we demonstrate that significant local adaptation to soil-type evolved in the “number of open flowers”, a trait used as a fitness proxy, but only in plants that evolved with herbivory and bee pollination. Whole genome re-sequencing of experimental lines revealed that biotic interactions caused a 10-fold increase in the number of SNPs across the genome with significan..., Plant, Brassica rapa, phenotype and genotype were measured. Samples result from a 8 generations experimental evolution where selective agents were different soils, herbivory and pollinators (Dorey and Schiestl 2024). Sample size for trait measurements was 36 per replicate, this was chosen according to previous studies, and values published in the literature (Gervasi and Schiestl 2017, Ramos and Schiestl 2020, Dorey and Schiestl 2024). For trait measurements and DNA extraction, we used all individuals if available (some plants lacked sufficient leaf tissue for DNA extraction)., , # Supplementary Data

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k98sf7mfm](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.k98sf7mfm)

## Description of the data and file structure

**File Name**: Supplementary Data 1. **Dataset.**

**Description**: Traits values of plants growing in different soil (L = limestone, T= Tuff), and in different soil treatment (fertilizer: with use of fertilizer, nofertilizer: without use of fertilizer, standardized: grown in standardized soil, which provides optimal conditions for cultivation).

Plantlabel: Identity of plants during the experiment

PlantlabelDNA: Identity of plants for DNA collection (Labels used for DNA sequences, available on the platform NCBI).

Replicate: Replicate of the experiment

Generation: either plants from the initial population (generation one) or evolved plants (generation 10)

Soil: soil in which plants grew during the experiment

Soilline: Soil in which plants evolved during the experimental evolution

Herbivoryline: herbivory treatment in which plant e...