Climate Change in Spain and Latin America (2000–2024): Temperature Anomalies, CO2 Emissions and Environmental Indicators

This dataset consolidates climate and environmental data for Spain and Latin America covering the period 2000–2024. It includes annual mean temperature anomalies measured against the 1981–2010 reference period from AEMET (Spanish State Meteorological Agency) and Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), atmospheric CO2 concentration records from the Izaña Observatory in the Canary Islands (monthly ppm since 1984), national greenhouse gas emissions by sector (MITECO / UNFCCC national inventories), sea level rise measurements along Iberian and Caribbean coastlines (PSMSL tide gauge network), and extreme weather event frequency by country (EM-DAT database). Spain's mean temperature increase of +1.3°C above the 20th-century average (Copernicus, 2023), accelerated drought cycles in the Iberian Peninsula, glacier retreat in the Andes (Bolivia: 43% loss since 1986 per SENAMHI), and deforestation rates in Amazon Basin countries are central variables. Socioeconomic vulnerability indices and climate-adaptation policy indicators are also provided per country.