Retinoic acid activates Hoxd4 chromatin
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Retinoic acid activates the Hoxd4 gene in rhombomere 7 (r7) of embryos by binding Rarb (Folberg et al. 1999, Serpente et al. 2005), Rara, or Rarg (Wendling et al. 2001) in Rar:Rxr receptor dimers bound to a retinoic acid response element (RARE) in the 5' flanking region of the gene (Popperl and Featherstone 1993, Folberg et al. 1997, Zhang et al. 1997, Zhang et al. 2000, Wendling et al. 2001, Nolte et al. 2003). Ligand binding by retinoic acid receptors causes dismissal of corepressors such as Ncor1 and recruitment of coactivators such as Ncoa3 (Horlein et al. 1995, inferred from Hoxa1 in Gillespie and Gudas 2007, Kashyap and Gudas 2010). Pax6 binds near the RARE and is required for maximal activation (Nolte et al. 2006). <br>Activation of chromatin at Hoxd4 is accompanied by loss of methylation at lysine-27 (H3K27me3) and gain of H3K4me3 (Rastegar et al. 2012, Williamson et al. 2012, Mazzoni et al. 2013). The Mll2 complex methylates H3K4 at Hoxd4 in fibroblasts (Wang et al. 2009). In human cells the histone demethylase KDM6A (UTX) binds HOXD4 and may participate in demethylating H3K27me3. Other factors may also be involved in histone demethylation. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which binds H3K27me3, and Pcgf2 (Mel18) also dissociate (Kobrossy et al. 2006, Mazzoni et al. 2013). YY1, however, remains associated even after treatment with retinoic acid (Kobrossy et al. 2006). After activation by retinoic acid, Hoxd4 maintains its own expression by binding and activating its own promoter (Kobrossy et al. 2006).
维甲酸通过结合Rarb(Folberg等,1999年,Serpente等,2005年)、Rara或Rarg(Wendling等,2001年)在Rar:Rxr受体二聚体上,激活胚胎7个菱形区(r7)中的Hoxd4基因(Popperl和Featherstone,1993年,Folberg等,1997年,Zhang等,1997年,Zhang等,2000年,Wendling等,2001年,Nolte等,2003年)。维甲酸受体与配体结合导致核心抑制因子如Ncor1的解离以及共激活因子如Ncoa3的招募(Horlein等,1995年,由Gillespie和Gudas,2007年中的Hoxa1推断,Kashyap和Gudas,2010年)。Pax6在RARE附近结合,对于最大程度的激活是必需的(Nolte等,2006年)。Hoxd4染色质的激活伴随着赖氨酸-27(H3K27me3)的甲基化减少和H3K4me3的增加(Rastegar等,2012年,Williamson等,2012年,Mazzoni等,2013年)。Mll2复合体在成纤维细胞中甲基化Hoxd4上的H3K4(Wang等,2009年)。在人类细胞中,组蛋白去甲基化酶KDM6A(UTX)与HOXD4结合,可能参与去甲基化H3K27me3。其他因素也可能参与组蛋白去甲基化。结合H3K27me3的Polycomb抑制复合体2(PRC2)和Pcgf2(Mel18)也会解离(Kobrossy等,2006年,Mazzoni等,2013年)。然而,YY1即使在维甲酸处理后仍保持关联(Kobrossy等,2006年)。维甲酸激活后,Hoxd4通过结合并激活其自身的启动子来维持自身的表达(Kobrossy等,2006年)。
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