MOLECULAR-GENETIC MECHANISMS OF MALIGNANT TUMOR DEVELOPMENT: THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION OF PROTO-ONCOGENES INTO ONCOGENES.

The development of malignant tumors is a complex molecular-genetic process, which is based on the disruption of genes that control cell proliferation and differentiation. This article analyzes the mechanisms of the transformation of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes, including point mutations, gene amplification, chromosomal translocations, and the effects of viruses. Also, the activation of cell signaling pathways and their interaction with tumor suppressor genes are studied. These changes at the molecular level determine the main stages of tumor development and are of great importance in the development of modern oncological diagnostics and targeted therapies.