Supplementary information files for The role of chronotype and reward processing in understanding social hierarchies in adolescence

Supplementary files for article The role of chronotype and reward processing in understanding social hierarchies in adolescence.IntroductionCircadian rhythms shift toward an evening preference during adolescence, a developmental period marked by greater focus on the social domain and salience of social hierarchies. The circadian system influences maturation of cognitive architecture responsible for motivation and reward, and observation of responses to reward cues has provided insights into neurocognitive processes that underpin adolescent social development. The objective was to investigate whether circadian phase of entrainment (chronotype) predicted both reward‐related response inhibition and social status, and to explore whether mediator and moderator relationships existed between chronotype, reward processing, and social status outcomes.MethodsParticipants were 75 adolescents aged 13–14 years old (41 females) who completed an eye tracking paradigm that involved an inhibitory control task (antisaccade task) within a nonsocial reward (Card Guessing Game) and a social reward (Cyberball Game) context. Chronotype was calculated from weekend midsleep and grouped into early, intermediate, and later terciles. Participants indicated subjective social status compared with peers in seven domains.ResultsAn intermediate and later chronotype predicted improved inhibitory control in the social versus nonsocial reward context. Chronotype also predicted higher perceived social status in two domains (powerful, troublemaker). Intermediate chronotypes reported higher “Powerful” status whereas later chronotypes were higher on “Troublemaker.” Improved social reward‐related performance predicted only the higher powerful scores and chronotype moderated this relationship. Improved inhibitory control to social reward predicted higher subjective social status in the intermediate and later chronotype group, an effect that was absent in the early group.ConclusionThis behavioral study found evidence that changes toward a later phase of entrainment predicts social facilitation effects on inhibitory control and higher perceived power among peers. It is proposed here that circadian delayed phase in adolescence is linked to approach‐related motivation, and the social facilitation effects could reflect a social cognitive capacity involved in the drive to achieve social rank.

关于《青少年时期时相性与奖励处理在理解社会等级中的作用》一文的补充文件。引言：青春期生理节律趋向于晚上的偏好，这一发育阶段以对社交领域的关注增强和社会等级的显著性为特征。生物钟系统影响与动机和奖励相关的认知架构的成熟，对奖励线索反应的观察为理解青少年社交发展的神经认知过程提供了洞见。研究目标是探讨昼夜节律的同步相位（时相性）是否预示着与奖励相关的反应抑制和社会地位，以及时相性、奖励处理与社会地位结果之间的中介和调节关系。方法：参与者为75名13至14岁的青少年（其中41名为女性），他们完成了一个眼动追踪范式，涉及在非社交奖励（卡片猜测游戏）和社交奖励（网络球游戏）背景下进行抑制控制任务（反眼动任务）。时相性是根据周末中睡眠时间计算的，并分为早期、中期和晚期三分位。参与者报告了与同龄人在七个领域的自我主观社会地位。结果：中期和晚期时相性预示着在社交与非社交奖励背景下抑制控制的提高。时相性还预示着在两个领域（权力，麻烦制造者）中感知到的社会地位更高。中期时相性报告了更高的“权力”地位，而晚期时相性在“麻烦制造者”上更高。仅改善的社交奖励相关表现预示着更高的权力得分，时相性调节了这种关系。对社交奖励的抑制控制改善仅预示着中期和晚期时相性群体中更高的主观社会地位，而在早期群体中这种效应不存在。结论：这一行为研究发现了证据，表明向较晚同步相位的转变预示着社交促进对抑制控制和同伴间更高感知权力的影响。在此提出，青少年时期的生物钟延迟相位与接近相关动机相关联，而社交促进效应可能反映了参与驱动实现社会等级的社会认知能力。