We discuss observational studies that test many causal hypotheses, either hypotheses about many outcomes or many treatments. To be credible an observational study that tests many causal hypotheses mus
The Supplementary materials present simulation data including biases and mean squared errors of estimators, the type I error rate and power curves of rank score test, and the estimated mean lengths an
This work is motivated by a study of a population of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) to identify active brain lesions. At each vis
