Live heterogeneity test.

This study aims to investigate the impact of China’s long-term care insurance (LTCI) pilot on household expenditures of the elderly. Utilizing the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2015–2020 three-period longitudinal panel data, we examine the policy effects of LTCI using the Differences-in-Differences (DID) approach. The results indicate that the implementation of LTCI significantly reduces medical (p