Time-resolved NAD captureSeq of T4 phage infection

Herein, we apply NAD captureSeq to T4 phage infection of E. coli in a time-resolved manner. Thereby, we identify the NAD-capped epitranscriptome at 6 different time points of T4 phage infection revealing that a) the NAD-capped epitranscriptome dynamically changes during infection, b) T4 phage mRNAs are NAD-capped providing the first evidence for viral NAD-RNAs and c) host (E. coli) NAD-RNAs mainly decrease in abundance throughout infection. This study pioneers epitranscriptomics of bacteriophages and paves the way towards deciphering additional regulatory layers of phage-host interactions.