Multi- and uni-variate analyses of life-history variation, p-values associated with the effects of latitude and population structure.

Interaction between the two gradients was not significant (not shown). Because of missing values in secondary dormancy, the multivariate analysis was conducted with and without secondary dormancy. P-values were established with F test based on permutations (see methods). n.s.: not significant, • p<0.1, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, ***p<0.001. The percentage of variance explained by latitude or population structure gradients is given. df: degrees of freedom for numerator and denominator, respectively.