Table_1_Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance Indicators—Integration of Farm-Level Surveillance Data From Broiler Chickens and Turkeys in British Columbia, Canada.DOCX

Using data from the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS), we aimed to describe trends in antimicrobial use (AMU) in broiler chickens and turkeys, to compare AMU across species, to compare with trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and to assess the effects of various AMU/AMR units of measurement (metrics and indicators) on data integration. Data on AMU and AMR in enteric bacteria, collected from 2013 to 2017 from broiler chickens (n = 143 flocks) and turkeys (n = 145) were used. In broiler chickens, the total AMU in milligrams/population correction unit (mg/PCUBr) decreased by 6%, the number (n) of defined daily doses for animals using Canadian standards (nDDDvetCA) per 1,000 broiler chicken-days decreased by 12%, and nDDDvetCA/PCU decreased by 6%. In turkeys, the mg/PCUTk decreased by 1%, whereas the nDDDvetCA/1,000 turkey-days and the nDDDvetCA/PCU increased by 1 and 5%, respectively. The types of antimicrobial classes used in both species were similar. Using the frequency of flocks reporting use (i.e., number of flocks reporting use/number of flocks participating) as a measurement, the use of certain antimicrobials changed over time (e.g., Broilers, decreased cephalosporin use, virginiamycin use, emerging use of lincomycin-spectinomycin, and avilamycin; Turkeys: increased trimethoprim-sulfonamides and macrolide use). The trends in resistance to specific antimicrobials paralleled the frequency and quantity of use (e.g., ceftriaxone use decreased—ceftriaxone resistance decreased, and gentamicin use increased—gentamicin resistance increased) in some situations, but not others (decreased fluoroquinolone use—increased ciprofloxacin resistance). AMR data were summarized using the AMR indicator index (AMR Ix). The most notable AMR Ix trend was the decrease in ceftriaxone AMR Ix among Escherichia coli (0.19 to 0.07); indicative of the success of the poultry industry action to eliminate the preventive use of third generation cephalosporins. Other trends observed were the increase in ciprofloxacin AMR Ix among Campylobacter from 0.23 to 0.41 and gentamicin AMR Ix among E. coli from 0.11 to 0.22, suggestive of the persistence/emergence of resistance related to previous and current AMU not captured in our surveillance timeframe. These data highlight the necessity of multiple AMU and AMR indicators for monitoring the impact of stewardship activities and interventions.

基于加拿大综合抗微生物耐药性监测计划（CIPARS）的数据，本研究旨在描述肉鸡和火鸡中抗微生物使用（AMU）的趋势，比较不同物种间的AMU差异，对比抗微生物耐药性（AMR）的趋势，并评估各种AMU/AMR度量单位（指标和指标）对数据整合的影响。收集自2013年至2017年的肠杆菌中AMU和AMR数据，包括来自143群肉鸡和145只火鸡的数据。在肉鸡中，总AMU以毫克/人口校正单位（mg/PCUBr）计下降了6%，使用加拿大标准（nDDDvetCA）的动物每日规定剂量数在每1000只肉鸡日中下降了12%，而nDDDvetCA/PCU下降了6%。在火鸡中，mg/PCUTk下降了1%，而nDDDvetCA/1000火鸡日和nDDDvetCA/PCU分别增加了1%和5%。两种物种中使用的抗微生物类别相似。以报告使用情况的群次数（即报告使用群次数/参与群次数）作为衡量标准，某些抗微生物的使用情况随时间变化（例如，肉鸡：头孢菌素使用减少、Virginiamycin使用减少、Lincomycin-spectinomycin的新兴使用和Avilamycin使用减少；火鸡：Trimethoprim-sulfonamides和Macrolide使用增加）。特定抗微生物的耐药性趋势与使用频率和数量平行（例如，Ceftriaxone使用减少——Ceftriaxone耐药性减少，Gentamicin使用增加——Gentamicin耐药性增加），但在某些情况下并非如此（Fluoroquinolone使用减少——Ciprofloxacin耐药性增加）。使用抗微生物耐药性指标指数（AMR Ix）对AMR数据进行汇总。最显著的AMR Ix趋势是Escherichia coli中Ceftriaxone AMR Ix的下降（从0.19降至0.07），这标志着家禽行业消除第三代头孢菌素预防性使用的举措取得了成功。其他观察到的趋势包括Campylobacter中Ciprofloxacin AMR Ix的增加（从0.23增至0.41）和E. coli中Gentamicin AMR Ix的增加（从0.11增至0.22），这表明与之前和当前AMU相关的耐药性持续/出现，而我们的监测时间框架并未捕捉到这些耐药性。这些数据凸显了在监测管理活动及干预措施的影响时，采用多个AMU和AMR指标的重要性。