Global hydropower production 2010-2022

From 2010 to 2022, global hydroelectric energy production experienced substantial growth, reaching approximately 4.47 petawatt hours in 2022. Hydropower is one of the most widely used and reliable sources of renewable energy, utilizing mechanical structures, such as dams and watermills, to harness energy from the moving water. By 2023, the installed capacity of renewable power worldwide had surpassed four terawatts, with about 1.24 terawatts of this capacity derived from hydropower.Major players in the global hydropower sectorChina dominates the global hydropower sector, with an installed capacity of 421.45 gigawatts as of 2023. In 2022 alone, China added 13 gigawatts to its hydropower capacity. Brazil and the United States follow with 109.9 gigawatts and 102.12 gigawatts of installed capacity, respectively in 2023. These countries are also among the largest consumers of hydropower, with China consuming 11.46 exajoules, Brazil four exajoules, Canada 3.41 exajoules, and the United States 2.21 exajoules. Employment in the hydropower sector is similarly heavily concentrated in China, accounting for approximately 35.3 percent of the global workforce in this industry.Economic outlook and challengesThe global hydropower market is expected to continue growing, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1 percent projected between 2022 and 2030. This growth trajectory would see the market value increase from 219 billion U.S. dollars in 2021 to an estimated 342.5 billion U.S. dollars by 2030. Despite the many benefits of hydropower, there are notable drawbacks. The construction of hydropower plants can cause significant environmental disruption, including the displacement of communities and wildlife habitats, alteration of water flow, and impacts on local ecosystems. Additionally, the high initial costs of building hydropower plants and their dependence on geographical and climatic conditions presents further challenges.

自2010年至2022年，全球水电能源产量经历了显著增长，至2022年达到约4.47拍瓦时。水力发电是应用最广泛且最可靠的可再生能源之一，它通过利用水坝和水磨等机械结构，从流动水体中获取能量。截至2023年，全球可再生能源的装机容量已超过四太瓦，其中约1.24太瓦来自水力发电。在全球水力发电领域，中国占据主导地位，截至2023年，装机容量达到421.45吉瓦。仅2022年，中国就新增了13吉瓦的水力发电能力。巴西和美国紧随其后，2023年的装机容量分别为109.9吉瓦和102.12吉瓦。这些国家也是水力发电的主要消费国，其中中国消费量为11.46艾焦，巴西为4艾焦，加拿大为3.41艾焦，美国为2.21艾焦。在水力发电行业中，就业岗位同样高度集中在我国，约占全球从业人员的35.3%。在全球水力发电市场中，预计将持续增长，2022年至2030年间的复合年增长率（CAGR）预计为5.1%，市场规模将从2021年的2190亿美元增长至2030年预计的3425亿美元。尽管水力发电具有诸多益处，但其建设可能引发显著的环境破坏，包括社区和野生动物栖息地的迁移、水流变化以及对当地生态系统的影响。此外，水力发电站的高昂初始建设成本及其对地理和气候条件的依赖性也带来了进一步的挑战。