Summary of evidence for the analytical framework.

(A)OR = (adjusted) odds ratio; N/S = needles/syringes; OST = opiate substitution therapy; PWID = people who inject drugs.aNote that this study found an AOR for sharing needles/syringes (+/− paraphernalia) of 6.7 (95% CI 2.6–17.1) and an AOR for sharing paraphernalia only of 3.0 (95% CI 1.2–7.5). It was not possible to separate the effects of needles/syringes due to few individuals who reported sharing only needles/syringes. It is, however, assumed that the potential AOR for needles/syringes could be even higher than that detected for needles/syringes +/− paraphernalia.