Social Indicator Survey II 2017 - Lao PDR

Abstract
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The Lao Social Indicator Survey (LSIS) II provides a set of single national figure on social indicators. It combines the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and the Demographic and Health Survey modules to maximize government resources for a nationally representative sample survey. LSIS II follows the first LSIS I survey which was carried out in 2011-12 jointly by the Ministry of Health (MoH) and the Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) of the Ministry of Planning and Investment in collaboration with other line ministries. The LSIS I provided baseline data for the 7th National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSEDP) and the Millennium Development Goals.

The LSISII 2017 of Lao PDR has as its primary objectives:

- To provide up-to-date information that will assist with the selection of data on key social development indicators to support the monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs);

- To establish a baseline for national development plans and priorities including the 8th National Socio- Economic Development Plan (NSEDP), provincial core social development indicators data, as well as supporting the data for Least Developed Country Graduation;

- To produce a range of population and social indicators that are statistically sound and based on internationally comparable methodology and best practices; and

- To continue reinforcing coordination mechanisms on supporting and strengthening social statistics in Lao PDR and making use of its findings to formulate and advocate for policies, programme formulation and monitoring.

Geographic coverage
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The sample for the Lao Social Indicator Survey 2017 was designed to provide estimates at the national level, for urban and rural areas, including rural with roads and rural without roads, for three regions including: North, Central and South and 18 provinces including: Vientiane Capital, Phongsaly, Luangnamtha, Oudomxay, Bokeo, Luangprabang, Huaphanh, Xayabury, Xiengkhuang, Vientinae, Borikhamxay, Khammuane, Savannakhet, Saravane, Sekong, Champasack, Attapeu and Xaysomboun.

Analysis unit
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- Individuals

- Households

Universe
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The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women age 15-49 years, all men age 15-49 years and all children under 5 living in the household.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The major features of the sample design are described in this appendix. Sample design features include defining the sampling frame, target sample size, sample allocation, listing in sample clusters, choice of domains, sampling stages, stratification, and the calculation of sample weights.

The primary objective of the sample design for the 2017 Lao Social Indicator Survey (LSIS 2017) was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators, at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the 18 provinces of the country.

A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample. The primary sampling units (PSUs) selected at the first stage were villages (PSU and Village are used interchangeably in this Chapter). A listing of households was conducted in each sample village, and a sample of households was selected at the second stage.

SAMPLING FRAME AND STRATIFICATION

The sampling frame for this survey consisted of a list of all villages in the country, arranged by province, with appropriate size estimates (number of households) and other relevant information about each village. The village register is maintained by Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB). It is updated in December each year. The version used as sampling frame was the village register of December 2015.

The 18 provinces were defined as the sampling strata. Within provinces a further, implicit, stratification - on village category - was achieved by systematic sampling from a list of villages ordered by village category.

SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLE ALLOCATION

The overall sample size for the 2017 Lao Social Indicator Survey was calculated as 23,400 households. For the calculation of the sample size, the key indicator used was the underweight prevalence among children age 0-4 years. Since the survey results are tabulated at the provincial level, it was necessary to determine the minimum sample size for each province.

The number of households selected per cluster for the survey was determined as 20 households, based on a number of considerations, including the design effect, the budget available, and the time that would be needed per team to complete one cluster. Dividing the total number of households by the number of sample households per cluster, it was calculated that 1,170 sample clusters would need to be selected for the survey.

The sample allocation over provinces was determined by a procedure where the sample at first was allocated proportionally to the square root of the number of households in each province. This allocation was further adjusted so that provinces getting less than 1,100 households in the preliminary allocation were given additional households up to 1,100. These additional households were taken from the three provinces that had the largest samples according to the preliminary allocation. The sample sizes for provinces vary between 1,100 and 1,680 households. The justification for using different sample sizes is that the standard errors for national estimates will be lower than the standard errors that would have been achieved with equal sample sizes over the provinces.

Within province the sample was allocated over implicit strata defined by village category. This was achieved by systematic sampling from a list of villages ordered by village category. This way of sampling resulted in approximately proportional allocation of the province sample over the implicit strata urban villages, rural villages with road and rural villages without road.

SELECTION OF VILLAGES (CLUSTERS)

Villages were selected from each of the sampling strata (provinces) by using systematic probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling procedures. The measure of size was the number of households in the village; the number was obtained from the LBS village register. Altogether 32 villages were so large in size so they had the probability equal to one to be selected to the sample. These large villages were thus selected to the sample with certainty.

LISTING ACTIVITIES

A new listing of households was conducted in all the sample villages prior to the selection of households. For this purpose, listing teams were trained to visit all the sampled villages and list all households in the village. The listing operation took place from December 2016 to February 2017 with 70 listing team members. In each Province, there were two teams each consisting of a lister and a mapper, except in Champasack, where three teams were assigned.

Listing could not be done in four villages. In two of the villages the area had been completely cleared of dwellings due to preparations for dam construction. One village was not accessible by car or motorcycle due to poor roads and one village could not be properly identified due to village mergers.

Large villages, where the number of households exceeded 300 households, were divided into two or more segments, and one segment was picked randomly before listing. Segmentation was done in 216 villages.

SELECTION OF HOUSEHOLDS

Lists of households were prepared by the listing teams in the field for each village. The households were then sequentially numbered from 1 to Mhi (the total number of households in each village or segment) at the Lao Bureau of Statistics, where the selection of 20 households in each village was carried out using random systematic selection procedures. The MICS6 spreadsheet template for systematic random selection of households was adapted for this purpose.

The survey also included a questionnaire for individual men that was to be administered in half of the sample of households. The MICS household selection template includes an option to specify the proportion of households to be selected for administering the individual questionnaire for men, and the spreadsheet automatically selected the corresponding subsample of households. All men age 15 to 49 years in the selected households were eligible for interview.

LSIS 2017 also included water quality testing for a subsample of households within each sample cluster. A subsample of 3 of the 20 selected households was selected in each sample cluster using random systematic sampling for conducting water quality testing, for both water in the household and at the source. The MICS household selection template includes an option to specify the number of households to be selected for the water quality testing, and the spreadsheet automatically selected the corresponding subsample of households.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Six questionnaires were used in the survey: 1) a household questionnaire which was used to collect basic demographic information, the household, and the dwelling; 2) a water quality testing questionnaire administered in three households in each cluster of the sample; 3) a questionnaire for individual women; 4) a questionnaire for individual men; 5) an under-5 questionnaire, administered to mothers (or caretakers) of all children under 5 living in the household; and 6) a questionnaire for children age 5-17 years, administered to the mother (or caretaker) of one randomly selected child age 5-17 years living in the household.

Questionnaires to capture anthropometry measurements among children under 5 years and to record anaemia test results for children under 5 years and women age 15-19 years also form part of the LSIS II questionnaires.

Cleaning operations
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Data were received at the LSB via Internet File Streaming System (IFSS) integrated into the management application on the supervisors’ tablets. The central office communicated application updates through this system to field teams.

During data collection and following completion of fieldwork, data were edited according to editing process described in detail in the Guidelines for Secondary Editing, a customized version of the standard MICS6 documentation.

Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, Version 23.

Response rate
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Of the 23,299 households selected for the sample, 22,443 were found to be occupied. Of these, 22,287 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 99 percent.

The Water Quality Testing Questionnaire was administered to 3,495 randomly selected households, three from each cluster. Of these, 3,346 were successfully tested for household drinking water yielding a response rate of 96 percent. Also, 3,292 were successfully tested for source drinking water quality yielding a response rate of 94 percent.

In the interviewed households, 26,103 women (age 15-49 years) were identified. Of these, 25,305 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 97 percent within the interviewed households.

The survey also sampled men (age 15-49) but required only a subsample. All men (age 15-49) were identified in every other household. 12,694 men (age 15-49 years) were listed in the household questionnaires. Questionnaires were completed for 12,017 eligible men, which corresponds to a response rate of 95 percent within eligible interviewed households.

There were 11,812 children under age five listed in the household questionnaires. Questionnaires were completed for 11,720 of these children, which corresponds to a response rate of 99 percent within interviewed households.

A sub-sample of children 5-17 years was used to administer the questionnaire for children of 5-17 years. Only one child has been selected randomly in each household interviewed, and there were 31,339 children (5-17 years) listed in the household questionnaires. Of these, 15,494 children (5-17 years) were selected, and questionnaires were completed for 15,435 which correspond to a response rate of 99.6 percent within the interviewed households.

摘要
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老挝社会指标调查（LSIS）II提供了一系列关于社会指标的单个国家数据。它结合了多项指标集群调查（MICS）和人口与卫生调查模块，以最大限度地利用政府资源，对具有全国代表性的样本进行调查。LSIS II紧随2011-12年共同由卫生部和计划投资部的老挝统计局（LSB）以及其他相关部门进行的第一次LSIS I调查。LSIS I为第七个国家社会经济发展规划（NSEDP）和千年发展目标提供了基线数据。

老挝人民民主共和国的LSISII 2017的主要目标如下：

- 提供最新的信息，以协助选择关键社会发展趋势数据，支持对可持续发展目标（SDGs）的监测；

- 为国家发展规划和优先事项建立基线，包括第八个国家社会经济发展规划（NSEDP）、省级核心社会发展趋势数据，以及支持最不发达国家毕业的数据；

- 生成一系列统计上可靠且基于国际可比方法和最佳实践的人口和社会指标；

- 持续加强支持和发展老挝人民民主共和国的社会统计的协调机制，并利用其研究结果制定和倡导政策、项目制定和监测。

地理覆盖范围
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2017年老挝社会指标调查的样本设计旨在提供全国、城市和农村地区（包括有路的农村和没有路的农村），以及包括万象市、丰沙里、琅南塔、乌多姆赛、博科、琅勃拉邦、华潘、赛亚布里、赛松、万象内、博里坎、卡姆努安、萨万纳ket、沙拉万、色孔、占巴塞、阿泰和萨松本等18个省份的估计。

分析单元
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- 个人

- 家庭

总体
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该调查涵盖了所有法定家庭成员（常住居民）、所有15-49岁的女性、所有15-49岁的男性以及所有居住在家庭中的5岁以下儿童。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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本附录中描述了样本设计的重大特征。样本设计特征包括定义抽样框、目标样本量、样本分配、样本集群的登记、选择领域、抽样阶段、分层和样本权重的计算。

2017年老挝社会指标调查（LSIS 2017）样本设计的首要目标是产生全国、城市和农村地区以及该国18个省份的大多数指标的统计上可靠的估计。

在调查样本的选择中使用了多阶段、分层集群抽样方法。第一阶段选定的主要抽样单位（PSU）是村庄（本章节中PSU和村庄可以互换使用）。在每个样本村庄中进行家庭登记，并在第二阶段选择家庭样本。

抽样框和分层
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本调查的抽样框包括按省份排列的该国所有村庄的清单，以及每个村庄的适当规模估计（家庭数量）和其他相关信息。村庄登记由老挝统计局（LSB）维护。它每年12月更新一次。用作抽样框的版本是2015年12月的村庄登记。

将18个省份定义为抽样层。在省份内部，通过从按村庄类别排序的村庄列表中进行系统抽样，实现了进一步的、隐含的分层——按村庄类别。

样本量和样本分配
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2017年老挝社会指标调查的整体样本量为23,400户。计算样本量的关键指标是0-4岁儿童的低体重患病率。由于调查结果按省级汇总，因此有必要确定每个省份的最小样本量。

根据设计效应、可用的预算以及每个团队完成一个集群所需的时间等多种考虑因素，将每个集群选定的家庭数量确定为20户。将家庭总数除以每个集群的样本家庭数，计算出需要选择1,170个样本集群进行调查。

通过一种程序确定了省份间的样本分配，该程序最初将样本按比例分配给每个省份的家庭数量平方根。此分配进一步调整，以便在初步分配中得到少于1,100户家庭的省份得到额外的家庭，这些家庭从初步分配中样本量最大的三个省份中抽取。省份的样本量在1,100至1,680户之间。使用不同样本量的理由是，国家估计的标准误将低于在省份间使用相等样本量所实现的标准误。

在省内部，样本分配到由村庄类别定义的隐含层中。这是通过从按村庄类别排序的村庄列表中进行系统抽样来实现的。这种抽样方式导致了省样本在大城市村庄、有路的农村村庄和没有路的农村村庄之间的约比例分配。

村庄（集群）的选择
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通过使用系统概率比例大小（PPS）抽样程序从每个抽样层（省份）中选择村庄。大小的衡量标准是村庄的家庭数量；该数字来自LBS村庄登记。总共有32个村庄规模很大，其选择概率等于一，因此被确定为样本的一部分。

因此，这些大型村庄被确定选入样本。

登记活动
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在选定家庭之前，在所有样本村庄进行了新的家庭登记。为此，对登记团队进行了培训，以访问所有样本村庄并登记村庄中的所有家庭。登记活动于2016年12月至2017年2月进行，共有70名登记团队成员。在每一个省份，有两个团队，每个团队由一名登记员和一名制图员组成，但在占巴塞，分配了三个团队。

在四个村庄无法进行登记。在两个村庄，由于大坝建设准备，该地区已完全清除住宅。一个村庄由于道路状况差，无法乘坐汽车或摩托车到达。一个村庄由于村庄合并，无法正确识别。

家庭数量超过300户的大型村庄被分成两个或更多部分，在登记之前随机选择一个部分。在216个村庄中进行了分割。

家庭选择
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登记团队在野外为每个村庄准备了家庭清单。然后，在老挝统计局对家庭进行顺序编号，从1到Mhi（每个村庄或部分的家庭总数）进行编号，每个村庄选择20户家庭，使用随机系统选择程序。为此目的，改编了MICS6家庭选择模板。

调查还包括针对样本集群中每20户家庭中3户家庭的问卷，用于个人男性的问卷调查。MICS家庭选择模板包括一个选项，可以指定用于对男性个人问卷进行选择的家庭比例，电子表格自动选择相应的子样本家庭。所有15至49岁的男性都有资格接受访谈。

LSIS 2017还包括对每个样本集群中20户家庭中的3户家庭进行水质测试。每个样本集群中随机选择了3户家庭，使用随机系统抽样进行水质测试，包括家庭中的水和水源的水质。MICS家庭选择模板包括一个选项，可以指定用于水质测试的家庭数量，电子表格自动选择相应的子样本家庭。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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调查中使用了六份问卷：1）家庭问卷，用于收集基本人口统计数据、家庭和住宅信息；2）水质测试问卷，在样本集群的每个集群的三个家庭中实施；3）个人女性问卷；4）个人男性问卷；5）5岁以下儿童问卷，由所有5岁以下儿童的母亲的（或看护人）填写；6）5-17岁儿童问卷，由一个随机选择的5-17岁儿童的母亲的（或看护人）填写。

5岁以下儿童的人体测量测量问卷和5岁以下儿童和15-19岁女性的贫血测试结果记录问卷也构成了LSIS II问卷的一部分。

数据清理操作
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数据通过集成在监督员平板电脑上的管理应用程序的互联网文件流系统（IFSS）发送到LSB。中央办公室通过此系统向野外团队传达应用程序更新。

在数据收集期间以及完成野外工作后，数据根据《二级编辑指南》中详细描述的编辑过程进行编辑，该指南是标准MICS6文档的定制版本。

使用社会科学统计软件（SPSS）软件，版本23进行分析。

响应率
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在选定的23,299户样本家庭中，发现有22,443户被占用。其中，22,287户成功接受了访谈，家庭响应率为99%。

对随机选择的3,495户家庭中的3户家庭实施了水质测试问卷，其中3,346户家庭成功进行了家庭饮用水测试，响应率为96%。此外，3,292户家庭成功进行了水源饮用水质量测试，响应率为94%。

在访谈的家庭中，确定了26,103名15-49岁的女性。其中，25,305名女性成功接受了访谈，在访谈的家庭中响应率为97%。

调查还抽样了15-49岁的男性，但只需要一个子样本。在每户家庭中，都确定了15-49岁的所有男性。在家庭问卷中列出了12,694名（15-49岁）男性。完成了12,017名合格男性的问卷，对应于合格访谈家庭中的95%响应率。

在家庭问卷中列出了11,812名5岁以下的儿童。完成了这些儿童中的11,720份问卷，对应于访谈家庭中的99%响应率。

使用5-17岁儿童的子样本进行5-17岁儿童的问卷调查。在每户访谈家庭中随机选择一个儿童，家庭问卷中列出了31,339名儿童（5-17岁）。其中，15,494名儿童（5-17岁）被选中，完成了15,435份问卷，对应于访谈家庭中的99.6%响应率。