Data Sheet 1_Dual-functional cerium oxide nanoparticles with antioxidant and DNase I activities to prevent and degrade neutrophil extracellular traps.docx

Neutrophils play a central role in immunothrombosis through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a process known as NETosis. Upon stimulation, neutrophils release decondensed chromatin structures enriched with proteolytic enzymes, which contribute to thrombus formation. NETosis is critically dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS), making redox regulation a key point of intervention. The intrinsic redox cycling of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs) imparts self-regenerating antioxidant properties suitable for modulating neutrophil-driven oxidative stress. To address both the prevention and clearance of NETs, we developed dual-functional CNPs conjugated with DNase I. These engineered nanoparticles were efficiently internalized by neutrophils, reduced intracellular ROS levels, and inhibited NETs formation. In addition, DNase I-functionalized CNPs degraded pre-formed NETs. This dual-action strategy offers a promising nanotherapeutic platform for mitigating NETs-associated thrombotic pathologies. Ongoing studies aim to enhance thrombus targeting and assess in vivo efficacy.