δ11B isotopes, CO2 release and pH analysis from ODP Site 177-1090
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Over the last deglaciation there were two transient intervals of pronounced atmospheric CO2 rise; Heinrich Stadial 1 (17.5-15 kyr) and the Younger Dryas (12.9-11.5 kyr). Leading...
在末次冰消期（last deglaciation）内，曾出现两段显著大气二氧化碳（CO₂）浓度跃升的短暂冰阶时段：分别为海因里希冰阶1（Heinrich Stadial 1，17.5-15千年）与新仙女木事件（Younger Dryas，12.9-11.5千年）。Leading...
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Growth, respiration and mortality rates of live L. pertusa under gradually amplifying acidification and warming increments (lab experiment data at end of experiment)
All parameters assessed at the end of the experiment (dry weight of the corals/dead coral framework fragments, ash-free dry mass (AFDM), total polyp count, bacterial background respiration in experimental tanks (no corals incubations).
PANGAEA2022-01-01 更新00
Next-century ocean acidification and warming both reduce calcification rate, but only acidification alters skeletal morphology of reef-building coral Siderastrea siderea
Atmospheric pCO2 is predicted to rise from 400 to 900 ppm by year 2100, causing seawater temperature to increase by 1-4 °C and pH to decrease by 0.1-0.3. Sixty-day experiments were conducted to investigate the independent and combined impacts of acidification (pCO2=424-426, 888-940 ppm-v) and warming (T=28, 32 °C) on calcification rate and skeletal morphology of the abundant and widespread Caribbean reef-building scleractinian coral Siderastrea siderea. Hierarchical linear mixed-effects modelling reveals that coral calcification rate was negatively impacted by both warming and acidification, with their combined effects yielding the most deleterious impact. Negative effects of warming (32 °C/424 ppm-v) and high-temperature acidification (32 °C/940 ppm-v) on calcification rate were apparent across both 30-day intervals of the experiment, while effects of low-temperature acidification (28 °C/888 ppm-v) were not apparent until the second 30-day interval-indicating delayed onset of acidification effects at lower temperatures. Notably, two measures of coral skeletal morphology-corallite height and corallite infilling-were negatively impacted by next-century acidification, but not by next-century warming. Therefore, while next-century ocean acidification and warming will reduce the rate at which corals build their skeletons, next-century acidification will also modify the morphology and, potentially, function of coral skeletons.
PANGAEA00
Acclimatization to high-variance habitats does not enhance physiological tolerance of two key Caribbean corals to future temperature and pH@en
Corals are acclimatized to populate dynamic habitats that neighbour coral reefs. Habitats such as seagrass beds exhibit broad diel changes in temperature and pH that routinely expose corals to conditions predicted for reefs over the next 50-100 years. However, whether such acclimatization effectively enhances physiological tolerance to, and hence provides refuge against, future climate scenarios remains unknown. Also, whether corals living in low-variance habitats can tolerate present-day high-variance conditions remains untested. We experimentally examined how pH and temperature predicted for the year 2100 affects the growth and physiology of two dominant Caribbean corals (Acropora palmata and Porites astreoides) native to habitats with intrinsically low (outer-reef terrace, LV) and/or high (neighbouring seagrass, HV) environmental variance. Under present-day temperature and pH, growth and metabolic rates (calcification, respiration and photosynthesis) were unchanged for HV versus LV populations. Superimposing future climate scenarios onto the HV and LV conditions did not result in any enhanced tolerance to colonies native to HV. Calcification rates were always lower for elevated temperature and/or reduced pH. Together, these results suggest that seagrass habitats may not serve as refugia against climate change if the magnitude of future temperature and pH changes is equivalent to neighbouring reef habitats.
DataONE2024-12-19 更新00
Phospholipidome profile of and metadata associated with the abdomen muscle of female Northern shrimp Pandalus borealis collected in the wild from four geographic origins in the Northwest Atlantic@en
The dataset contains information on the phospholipidome profile of the abdomen muscle of female Northern shrimp Pandalus borealis collected in the wild from four geographic origins in the Northwest Atlantic: St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE; 48° 35' N, 68° 35' W, May 2018; Event \"SLE_Pandalus_2018\"), Eastern Scotian Shelf (ESS; 45° 23' N, 61° 04' W, February 2019; Event \"ESS_Pandalus_2019\"), Esquiman Channel (EC; 50° 44' N, 57°29' W, July 2019; Event \"EC_Pandalus_2019\") and Northeast Newfoundland Coast (NNC; 50° 18' N, 54° 16' W, November 2019, Event \"NNC_Pandalus_2019\"). Female shrimp were exposed for 30 days under laboratory conditions to several ocean global change scenarios, with three temperatures (low temperature of 2 °C, intermediate temperature of 6 °C, and elevated temperature of 10 °C) and pH (current pH 7.75 and low pH 7.40). This experiment aimed to determine the changes in the phospholipidome profiles of shrimp from different origins in response to different scenarios of future ocean global changes combining Ocean Warming (OW) and Ocean Acidification (OA) and low dissolved oxygen (DO). Phospholipid species were quantified in abdomen muscle of female shrimp using high-resolution HILIC-MS/MS. Several datasets are provided, containing (i) the raw data expressed as peak area, (ii) the peak area data recalibrated to the internal standards for each class of phospholipid, and (iii) the final normalised data following transformation using ordered quantile normalisation, along with (iv) the metadata associated with abdomen muscle samples. A total of 269 phospholipids were identified and quantified from 260 female shrimp, with 10 shrimp per treatment sampled from two tanks per treatment (5 shrimp in each). Phospholipid peak areas were determined using Xcalibur data system v3.3 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Shrimp that molted/died during respirometry experiments were excluded from the analysis. Shrimp that were exposed to low DO were removed from the dataset prior to data transformation and downstream statistical analysis, but the raw data is provided.
DataONE2025-12-10 更新00
Physiological data from Pacific oysters exposed to different temperature and pH conditions, tidal treatments and food levels, followed by an OsHV-1 challenge
Dataset associated with: Caillon, C., Fleury, E., Di Poi, C., Gazeau, F., and Pernet, F. Food availability, but not emersion, influences the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on oyster physiological performance, in submission. The database contains data from: 1. seawater physico-chemical parameters, 2. oyster biometrics, 3. food ingestion during the acclimation period and viral exposure, 4. oxygen consumption of oysters, 5. gametogenic stage and sex of oysters, 6. energy reserves in oysters, 7. membrane fatty acid composition in oysters, 8. oyster survival following viral infection, 9. OsHV-1 quantification and prevalence in oysters.
DataCite Commons2024-09-23 更新50
Paralithodes camtschaticus "All" Transcriptome. Paralithodes camtschaticus
Transcriptome assembly from samples of larval, juvenile and adult red king crabs. Larval samples were from newly hatched and week old larvae from females that brooded embryos for 8-9 months under pH 8.0 (ambient), 7.8 or 7.5, and larvae raised under those pH levels from females held at pH 8.0. Juvenile samples were reared for 3 weeks at the above range of pH crossed with three temperatures (ambient, 10.5°C), 12.5°C and 14.5°C.Adult samples are gill, cuticle and cardiac tissue from females that reared the larval samples at pH 8, 7.8 and 7.5. Crabs originated from Bristol Bay (Dutch Harbor) and shipped to Kodiak Alaska where they were maintained.
NIAID Data Ecosystem20
Combined effects of coral reef foraminifera Marginopora vertebralis and Heterostegina depressa in a multi-fractorial experiment
Warming and changes in ocean carbonate chemistry alter marine coastal ecosystems at an accelerating pace. The interaction between these stressors has been the subject of recent studies on reef organisms such as corals, bryozoa, molluscs, and crustose coralline algae. Here we investigated the combined effects of elevated sea surface temperatures and pCO2 on two species of photosymbiont-bearing coral reef Foraminifera: Heterostegina depressa (hosting diatoms) and Marginopora vertebralis (hosting dinoflagellates). The effects of single and combined stressors were studied by monitoring survivorship, growth, and physiological parameters, such as respiration, photochemistry (pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry and oxygen production), and chl a content. Specimens were exposed in flow-through aquaria for up to seven weeks to combinations of two pCO2 (~790 and ~490 µatm) and two temperature (28 and 31 °C) regimes. Elevated temperature had negative effects on the physiology of both species. Elevated pCO2 had negative effects on growth and apparent photosynthetic rate in H.depressa but a positive effect on effective quantum yield. With increasing pCO2, chl a content decreased in H. depressa and increased in M. vertebralis. The strongest stress responses were observed when the two stressors acted in combination. An interaction term was statistically significant in half of the measured parameters. Further exploration revealed that 75 % of these cases showed a synergistic (= larger than additive) interaction between the two stressors. These results indicate that negative physiological effects on photosymbiont-bearing coral reef Foraminifera are likely to be stronger under simultaneous acidification and temperature rise than what would be expected from the effect of each of the stressors individually.
DataONE2017-08-08 更新30
Colony-specific investigations reveal highly variable responses among individual corals to ocean acidification and warming@en
As anthropogenic climate change is an ongoing concern, scientific investigations on its impacts on coral reefs are increasing. Although impacts of combined ocean acidification (OA) and temperature stress (T) on reef-building scleractinian corals have been studied at the genus, species and population levels, there are little data available on how individual corals respond to combined OA and anomalous temperatures. In this study, we exposed individual colonies of Acropora digitifera, Montipora digitata and Porites cylindrica to four pCO2-temperature treatments including 400 µatm-28 °C, 400 µatm-31 °C, 1000 µatm-28 °C and 1000 µatm-31 °C for 26 days. Physiological parameters including calcification, protein content, maximum photosynthetic efficiency, Symbiodinium density, and chlorophyll content along with Symbiodinium type of each colony were examined. Along with intercolonial responses, responses of individual colonies versus pooled data to the treatments were investigated. The main results were: 1) responses to either OA or T or their combination were different between individual colonies when considering physiological functions; 2) tolerance to either OA or T was not synonymous with tolerance to the other parameter; 3) tolerance to both OA and T did not necessarily lead to tolerance of OA and T combined (OAT) at the same time; 4) OAT had negative, positive or no impacts on physiological functions of coral colonies; and 5) pooled data were not representative of responses of all individual colonies. Indeed, the pooled data obscured actual responses of individual colonies or presented a response that was not observed in any individual. From the results of this study we recommend improving experimental designs of studies investigating physiological responses of corals to climate change by complementing them with colony-specific examinations.
DataONE2026-02-15 更新40
Data from: Impacts of ocean acidification and warming on post-larval growth and metabolism in two populations of the great scallop (Pecten maximus L.)
Data from experiments carried out with French and Norwegian Pecten maximus spat. The aim of the experiment was to identify differential effects of ocean acidification and warming on protein abundance, metabolism and growth phenotypes in these two populations. The following files are included: Appendix_impacts-climate-stress-scallop_230322.pdf Additional figures including image of experimental setup, example images for survival and shell height data, and annotated gel images showing actin, myosin and paramyosin spots. Pmaximus_survdata_221201_random.csv Mortality data. Data for French spat, which were more numerous, were randomly downsampled to ensure similar statistical power between populations. Pmaximus_phenodata_221201.csv Shell height, shell weight, body weight, and condition index Pmaximus_metabolicdata_210316.csv Oxygen consumption Pmaximus_proteodata_samespots_180109.csv Spot sizes following image analysis with samespots Fr_...tif + No_...tif All 32 images of 2D gels. File names indicate: population_temperature-pH_batch_ID
NIAID Data Ecosystem20
Growth data from static and fluctuating pCO2 x dissolved oxygen (DO) experiments on Menidia menidia
Growth data from static and fluctuating pCO2 x dissolved oxygen (DO) experiments on Menidia menidia | Project: Collaborative research: Understanding the effects of acidification and hypoxia within and across generations in a coastal marine fish | Status: Final no updates expected
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office2019-09-20 更新10
Growth of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) from an experiment at two temperatures and three pH levels, Feb-Mar. 2015
Growth of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) from an experiment at two temperatures and three pH levels, Feb-Mar. 2015 | Project: Collaborative Research: Synergistic effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Temperature on the Metabolism, Growth, and Reproduction of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) | Status: Final no updates expected
Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office2020-08-10 更新00
Respiration rates of the cold-water coral Viminella flagellum during a land-based experiment testing the cumulative effect of Cu exposure and ocean acidification
We report the results of a land-based experiment testing the cumulative effects of copper (Cu) exposure and ocean acidification (OA). Corals were obtained as by-catch during an experimental long-line fisheries campaign (CONDOR monitoring program, Okeanos-University of the Azores) on the Condor Seamount (38°54′N, 29°05′W), Azores Archipelago, at 200 m depth in October 2019. The experiment was undertaken at the DeepSeaLab aquaria facilities (Okeanos-University of the Azores) where corals were exposed to four OA/Cu-contamination scenarios: (1) ambient pCO2/pH level as measured in situ conditions (385 μatm/ pH 8.09); (2) high pCO2/reduced pH (IPCC RCP8.5 scenario, 1000 μatm/ pH 7.73); (3) ambient pCO2/pH level and additional Cu concentration (60 µg/l); (4) high pCO2/reduced pH and additional Cu concentration (60 µg/l). The pH/pCO2 modification was achieved by bubbling seawater with either pure CO2 (to increase pCO2) or CO2 low air (to decrease pCO2). The copper concentration used in this experiment followed a trial simulating a polymetallic particles plume release during a potential deep-sea mining event. This sublethal concentration was found to be the highest copper concentration dissolved in seawater.Measurements of respiration were made immediately before the start of the experiment (T0) and after 9 days (T9, end of the experiment), when corals started to show tissue necrosis, using an oxygen meter Fibox4 with a PSt3 sensor (PreSens, Germany). Coral respiration rates were normalized to the coral surface area.
PANGAEA2024-01-01 更新00
Growth, respiration and mortality rates of live L. pertusa under gradually amplifying acidification and warming increments and consequences for dissolution and bioerosion of dead coral framework
In a 13-months laboratory experiment conducted in 2014/2015, the interactive effects of gradually increasing temperature and pCO2 levels on survival, growth and respiration of two prominent colour morphotypes (white and orange) of the framework-forming cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa (also known as Desmophyllum pertusum), as well as bioerosion and dissolution of dead coral framework were assessed. In six-week intervals, three treatments (T1: acidification, T2: warming, T3: combined acidification and warming) were gradually increased in their respective manipulated parameters by 1°C and/or 200 µatm pCO2 after an initial two intervals under ambient (near in-situ) conditions. Each treatment consisted of 7 replicates that were manipulated over the course of the experiment and 3 control replicates that remained at ambient conditions throughout the entire duration of the experiment. Each replicate tank consisted of one live coral fragment of the white morphotype, one fragment of the orange morphotype and one dead framework fragment (naturally bioeroded framework material). Dead framework was examined with regard to attached bioeroders and calcifying organisms, the latter being removed prior to the experiment. All coral samples were collected from an inshore Norwegian cold-water coral habitat in the outer Trondheim-Fjord near Nord-Leksa (63°36.4'N, 09°22.7'E) between 150 to 230 m water depth using the manned submersible JAGO (GEOMAR, 2017; doi:10.17815/jlsrf-3-157) during RV POSEIDON (GEOMAR, 2015; doi:10.17815/jlsrf-1-62) cruise POS455 in June/July 2013. In situ conditions at the time of sampling near the corals were 7.7°C in temperature, 35.2 in salinity and ~6 mL/L oxygen concentration. Prior to the experiment, corals were kept in a closed recirculating system of 1,700 L in a climate-controlled laboratory facility at GEOMAR in Kiel at near in situ conditions of temperature and salinity (7.8 145 ± 0.2 °C and 35.8 ± 0.6) for half a year. Calcification/dissolution rates of live corals and bioerosion/dissolution rates of dead coral framework were determined using the buoyant weighing technique (Davies, 1989; doi:10.1007/BF00428135) with a high precision analytical balance (Sartorius CPA225D, readability = 0.1 mg) placed above every individual aquarium for each measurement. Respiration rates were determined via oxygen consumption measurements using an optode-based oxygen analyser (Oxy-10 mini, PreSens GmbH). Mortality was examined during every six-week interval by visual inspection of all live fragments. Dead polyp counts were calculated as percentage of total polyps counts of every individual fragment. Carbonate system parameters were calculated from the two measured parameters total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). TA and DIC samples were taken at the end of every 6-week interval and analyzed via potentiometric open-cell titration (862 Compact Titrosampler, Metrohm) in case of TA and by infrared detection of CO2 using an Automated Infra-Red Inorganic Carbon Analyzer (AIRICA with LI-COR 7000, Marianda) in case of DIC. TA and DIC were corrected against Certified Reference Material from A.G. Dickson (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) and density-corrected. The purpose of this study was to examine thresholds and optima of live corals under gradual increases of ocean acidification and warming and to quantify dissolution and bioerosion rates of dead coral framework to ultimately assess the balance between live coral calcification and degradation of dead coral framework under future ocean conditions.
PANGAEA00
Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide levels alter growth rates and shell composition in the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa
We investigated the effects of 60-d exposure to end-of-the-century projections for seawater temperature (+3 °C) and p CO 2 (+500 µatm) on growth, mineralogy, and organic content of shells and scutes in juvenile Tridacna squamosa clams. The provided excel file contains tables supplying the following raw datasets: (1) Concentrations of trace minerals (Data_Minerals) in shells and scutes IndividualID - unique ID for each juvenile Tridacna squamosa clam Type - type of skeletal material sampled (New: newly-formed, Old: older-growth, Shell: shell, Scute: scute). Exposure - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated p CO 2 alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and p CO 2 in combination). SampleMass_mg - mass (in mg) of powdered skeletal material analyzed. X_ppb - concentration (in parts per billion) of element X (Mg: Magnesium, Si: Silica, P: Phosphorus, K: Potassium, Mn: Manganese, As: Arsenic, Sr: Strontium, Ba: Barium, Ca: Calcium) in the sample. X_mmol_kg-1 - concentration (in mmol kg -1 ) of element X in the sample. XCaRatio_mmol_mol-1 - ratio of the concentrations of element X (in mmol) and calcium (in mol). BaCaRatio_µmol_mol-1 - ratio of the concentrations of barium (in µmol) and calcium (in mol). (2) Morphometric characteristics (Data_Morphometry) of shells/scutes IndividualID - unique ID for each juvenile Tridacna squamosa clam Exposure - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated p CO 2 alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and p CO 2 in combination). X_pre_mm - measurement value (in millimeters) prior to exposure to experimental treatments (APM: anterior-posterior margin or shell length, DVM: dorsal-ventral margin or shell height, OrnamentationMaxWidth: maximum width of the shell across the scutes, Width: shell width). X_pre_g - measurement value (in grams) prior to exposure to experimental treatments (WetMass: whole animal wet mass). X_post_mm - measurement value (in millimeters) after 60-d exposure to experimental treatments. X_post_g - measurement value (in grams) after 60-d exposure to experimental treatments. X_gain_mm - change in measurment value (in millimeters) over the course of the 60-d experiment. X_gain_%change - change in measurment value over the course of the 60-d experiment as a percentage of the initial, pre-exposure value (i.e., % change). (3) Organic content (Data_Organics) of shells IndividualID - unique ID for each juvenile Tridacna squamosa clam Exposure - experimental treatments (Ambient: ambient seawater conditions, High Temp: elevated temperature alone, High pCO2: elevated p CO 2 alone, Multistressor: elevated temperature and p CO 2 in combination). X-newgrowth_weight% - concentration of element X (Nitrogen, Carbon, or Hydrogen) as a percentage of the weight of sample analyzed in newly-formed shell. X-oldgrowth_weight% - concentration of element X as a percentage of the weight of sample analyzed in older-growth shell.
Zenodo2022-03-31 更新00
Differences in mean oxygen consumption of fed and unfed larvae used to understand the metabolic cost of digestion, Specific Dynamic Action (SDA), under ocean acidification and warming treatments - Experiment 1
These data include the differences in mean oxygen consumption of fed and unfed larvae used to understand the metabolic cost of digestion, Specific Dynamic Action (SDA), under ocean acidification and warming treatments. Data was collected in the summers of 2021 and 2022 using a microplate reader system that uses optical fluorescence to measure dissolved oxygen concentrations in water. Knowing the energetic cost of digestion under future climate change is important as studies, particularly on larval fish, begin to investigate how energy budgets will change. These data help us to understand an important part of daily metabolic costs and how that cost might change under ocean acidification and warming. Data were collected by Emma Siegfried and Dr. Darren Johnson at California State University, Long Beach. These data are from Experiment 1 and they contain delta VO2 values to describe the SDA curve for a single feeding at a single temperature (20 degrees Celsius).
DataONE2026-04-06 更新00
Transcriptomic responses of coralline algae
Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are calcifying red macroalgae that play important ecological roles including stabilisation of reef frameworks and provision of settlement cues for a range of marine invertebrates. Previous research into the responses of CCA to ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA) have found magnitude of effect to be species-specific. Response to OW and OA could be linked to divergent underlying molecular processes across species. Here we show Sporolithon durum, a species that exhibits low sensitivity to climate stressors, had little change in metabolic performance and did not significantly alter the expression of any genes when exposed to temperature and pH perturbations. In contrast, Porolithon onkodes, a major coral reef builder, reduced photosynthetic rates and had a labile transcriptomic response with over 400 significantly differentially expressed genes, with differential regulation of genes relating to physiological processes such as carbon acquisition and metabolism. The differential gene expression detected in P. onkodes implicates possible key metabolic pathways, including the pentose phosphate pathway, in the stress response of this species. We suggest S. durum is more resistant to OW and OA than P. onkodes, which demonstrated a high sensitivity to climate stressors and may have limited ability for acclimatisation. Understanding changes in gene expression in relation to physiological processes of CCA could help us understand and predict how different species will respond to, and persist in, future ocean conditions predicted for 2100. Pigmented tissue of two coralline algae species, Porolithon onkodes and Sporolithon durum. Four treatments with 5 biological replicates per species per treatment.
NIAID Data Ecosystem10
Water physico-chemical variables during a long-term multi-stressor aquarium e...
A 9-month aquarium experiment with the cold-water Dendrophyllia cornigera was conducted to investigate the single and combined effects of warming, acidification and...
B2FIND20
Analysis of oxygen consumption rates for P. damicornis larvae among treatments, standardized to number of larvae (nmol larva−1 min−1) and to total protein (pmol µg protein−1 min−1).
Comparisons were made using a three-way ANOVA with pCO2, temperature (T) and day of release (Day) as fixed effects. Interaction terms that were removed from the model are not shown here.
Figshare2015-12-02 更新00
Observed survival of coral fragments throughout a 93-day ocean acidification and warming experiment
This dataset includes the observed survival of four species of Caribbean reef-building corals (Siderastrea siderea, Pseudodiploria strigosa, Porites astreoides, and Undaria tenuifolia) throughout a 93-day ocean acidification (280-3200 μatm) and warming (28°C and 31°C) experiment. Survival was assessed every 30 days during the experiment. After the experiment, these data were analysed to evaluate the effects of ocean acidification and warming on the survivorship of the four corals species. These data are presented in Bove et al (2019).
DataONE2026-04-06 更新00
Individual whole-animal parameters of Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) acclimated to ocean acidification and warming conditions, and time series of seawater carbonate chemistry calculated throughout incubation period@en
Oceans are experiencing increasing acidification in parallel to a distinct warming trend in consequence of ongoing climate change. Rising seawater temperatures are mediating a northward shift in distribution of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), into the habitat of polar cod (Boreogadus saida), that is associated with retreating cold water masses. This study investigates the competitive strength of the co-occurring gadoids under ocean acidification and warming (OAW) scenarios. Therefore, we incubated specimens of both species in individual tanks for 4 months, under different control and projected temperatures (polar cod: 0, 3, 6, 8 °C, Atlantic cod: 3, 8, 12, 16 °C) and PCO2 conditions (390 and 1170 µatm) and monitored growth, feed consumption and standard metabolic rate. Our results revealed distinct temperature effects on both species. While hypercapnia by itself had no effect, combined drivers caused nonsignificant trends. The feed conversion efficiency of normocapnic polar cod was highest at 0 °C, while optimum growth performance was attained at 6 °C; the long-term upper thermal tolerance limit was reached at 8 °C. OAW caused only slight impairments in growth performance. Under normocapnic conditions, Atlantic cod consumed progressively increasing amounts of feed than individuals under hypercapnia despite maintaining similar growth rates during warming. The low feed conversion efficiency at 3 °C may relate to the lower thermal limit of Atlantic cod. In conclusion, Atlantic cod displayed increased performance in the warming Arctic such that the competitive strength of polar cod is expected to decrease under future OAW conditions.
DataONE2025-01-10 更新00
