Sponges of the Carmel Pinnacles

California's network of marine protected areas was created to protect the diversity and abundance of native marine life, but the status of some taxa is very poorly known. Here we describe the sponges (phylum Porifera) from the Carmel Pinnacles State Marine Reserve, as assessed by a SCUBA-based survey in shallow waters. Of the 29 sponge species documented, 12 (41%) of them were previously unknown. Using a combination of underwater photography, DNA sequencing, and morphological taxonomy, we greatly improve our understanding of the status and distribution of previously described species and formerly describe the new species as Hymedesmia promina, Phorbas nebulosus, Clathria unoriginalis, Clathria rumsena, Megaciella sanctuaria, Mycale lobos, Xestospongia ursa, Haliclona melissae, Halichondria loma, Hymeniacidon fusiformis, Scopalina carmela, and Obruta collector. An additional species, Lissodendoryx topsenti (de Laubenfels 1930), is moved to Hemimycale, and H. polyboletus is created as a n..., ,