Capra hircus Raw sequence reads. Capra hircus

Previous studies have demonstrated that the effects of monensin on methanogenesis, ruminal fermentation and alfalfa degradation in ruminants were time-dependent. To further elucidate the underlying mechanism, we investigated the ruminal bacterial community successions during adaptation to monensin supplementation and subsequent withdrawal in goats. The experiment included a baseline period of 20 days followed by a treatment period of 55 days with 32 mg monensin/d, and a washout period of 15 days. Monensin supplementary reduced the alpha diversity and changed the structure of ruminal microflora, and then the alpha diversity gradually restored during adaption but the structure was still reshaped. The temporal dynamic patterns of 261 treatment- and/or time-associated ruminal bacteria were clustered into six clusters, with two clusters as monensin-sensitive and four as monensin-resistance. However, the monensin-sensitive and -resistance of microbes do not follow a clear dichotomy between Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell types. Moreover, the temporal dynamic patterns of dif-ferent bacterial species within same genus or family also displayed various, even opposite. Of note, the relative abundances of total ruminal cellulolytic bacteria gradually increased following monensin treatment, and that of total amylolytic bacteria were increased by monensin, inde-pendent of duration. In conclusion, under the pressure of monensin, the ruminal ecosystem was reshaped with a series of succession processes, and the carbohydrate-degrading bacteria pre-sented a higher adaptability and repair capability.