Effects of population and herbivore removal on damage from herbivores and fitness components in three Lythrum salicaria populations in the year following the experimental treatment (2014).

Flowering status (flowering vs. not flowering) was analysed with a generalized linear model (χ2 given); the other response variables were analysed with ANOVA (F-ratios given). The effect of herbivore removal was analysed separately by population with contrasts when a significant population × treatment interaction was detected. Significant effects are in bold.