Groundwater contributions to streams in moderate-relief catchments using paired air-stream temperature analysis

We used paired analysis of air, stream, and groundwater temperature across 53 site-years to assess the groundwater contribution in four moderate-relief headwater catchments in a cold, humid region in North America (Kenauk, Quebec, Canada). Based on amplitude ratios and phase shifts of annual air and stream temperature signals, we assessed if surface waters displayed an atmospheric, deep groundwater and shallow groundwater signature. More specifically, we used this dataset to explore the spatial and temporal variability in groundwater contribution to streams. Overall, results emphasized the spatial variability within catchments (driven by drainage area), across catchments (driven by surficial geology) and interannual changes in groundwater-stream interactions.