Intratumoral Bacteroides fragilis sensitizes the combination therapy of Capecitabine and Nivolumab

To elucidate the dynamic effects of Capecitabine combined with Nivolumab treatment, we applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) to longitudinally track CRC patients receiving this combination therapy throughout the treatment course. After combination therapy, the SphK2-high activity group manifested significantly elevated T cell infiltration when compared to the SphK2-low group, suggesting enhanced T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in the former group. Metagenome profiles of CRC patients also indicated similar α-diversity, β-diversity and dominant colonies between two groups .