Enterprise Survey 2009 - Latvia

Abstract
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The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.

Universe
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The manufacturing and services sectors are the primary business sectors of interest. This corresponds to firms classified with International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC) codes 15-37, 45, 50-52, 55, 60-64, and 72 (ISIC Rev.3.1). Formal (registered) companies with 5 or more employees are targeted for interview. Services firms include construction, retail, wholesale, hotels, restaurants, transport, storage, communications, and IT. Firms with 100% government/state ownership are not eligible to participate in an Enterprise Survey.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The study was conducted using stratified random sampling. Three levels of stratification were used in this country: industry, establishment size, and oblast (region).

Industry stratification was designed in the way that follows: the universe was stratified into manufacturing industries, services industries, and one residual (core) sector. Each industry had a target of 90 interviews. For the core industries sample sizes were inflated by about 2% to account for potential non-response cases when requesting sensitive financial data and also because of likely attrition in future surveys that would affect the construction of a panel.

Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition for the rollout: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers. This seems to be an appropriate definition of the labor force since seasonal/casual/part-time employment is not a common practice, except in the sectors of construction and agriculture.

Regional stratification was defined in 6 regions. These regions are Riga, Pieriga, Vidzeme, Kurzeme, Zemgale, and Latgale.

Given the stratified design, sample frames containing a complete and updated list of establishments for the selected regions were required. Great efforts were made to obtain the best source for these listings. However, the quality of the sample frames was not optimal and, therefore, some adjustments were needed to correct for the presence of ineligible units. These adjustments are reflected in the weights computation.

The source of the sample frame was the January 2008 version of the Business Register of the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia.
The quality of the frame was assessed at the onset of the project. The frame proved to be useful though it showed positive rates of non-eligibility, repetition, non-existent units, etc. These problems are typical of establishment surveys, but given the impact these inaccuracies may have on the results, adjustments were needed when computing the appropriate weights for individual observations. The percentage of confirmed non-eligible units as a proportion of the total number of contacts to complete the survey was 26.32% (195 out of 741 establishments).

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The current survey instruments are available:
- Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- Screener Questionnaire.

The “Core Questionnaire” is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the “Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module” and the “Core Questionnaire + Retail Module.” The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.

The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry and quality controls are implemented by the contractor and data is delivered to the World Bank in batches (typically 10%, 50% and 100%). These data deliveries are checked for logical consistency, out of range values, skip patterns, and duplicate entries. Problems are flagged by the World Bank and corrected by the implementing contractor through data checks, callbacks, and revisiting establishments.

Response rate
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Complete information regarding the sampling methodology, sample frame, weights, response rates, and implementation can be found in the document "Description of Latvia Implementation 2009.pdf"

摘要
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本调查旨在从客户国的企业获取关于私营部门的反馈，并有助于构建一个企业数据面板，以便能够追踪随着时间的推移商业环境的变迁，从而实现对改革影响的评估。通过访谈制造业和服务业的企业，本调查评估了私营部门增长的制约因素，并创建了具有统计学意义且可跨国比较的商业环境指标。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、商业-政府关系、创新和技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确认了一个国家商业环境的特征。其余问题则评估调查受访者对企业增长和绩效的障碍的看法。数据收集方式为面对面访谈。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单位
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研究的主要抽样单位为法人实体。法人实体是指开展商业活动并从事工业操作或提供服务的地方。一个企业可能由一个或多个法人实体组成。例如，一家啤酒厂可能有几个灌装厂和几个分销法人实体。为了本次调查的目的，法人实体必须能够独立作出财务决策，并拥有与其企业财务报表分开的独立财务报表。法人实体还必须拥有自己的管理和对其工资单的控制。
总体
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制造业和服务业是主要关注的商业部门。这对应于国际标准工业分类（所有经济活动）（ISIC）代码15-37、45、50-52、55、60-64和72（ISIC Rev.3.1）的企业。目标为拥有5名或以上员工的正式（注册）公司进行访谈。服务公司包括建筑、零售、批发、酒店、餐馆、运输、仓储、通信和IT。100%由政府/国家拥有的企业无资格参与企业调查。
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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本研究采用分层随机抽样方法。在本国使用了三个分层级别：行业、法人实体规模和地区（州）。
行业分层的设计如下：总体被分层为制造业、服务业和一个核心（基础）部门。每个行业的目标为90个访谈。对于核心行业，样本量增加了约2%，以应对在请求敏感财务数据时可能出现的非回应案例，以及未来调查中可能出现的衰减，这将影响面板的构建。
规模分层根据以下标准定义：小型（5至19名员工）、中型（20至99名员工）和大型（超过99名员工）。为了分层的需要，员工人数以报告的永久全职员工数量为基础定义。这似乎是对劳动力的一个合适的定义，因为季节性/临时/兼职就业在建筑和农业部门之外不是一种常见做法。
地区分层定义为6个地区。这些地区是里加、派尔吉加、维季梅、库尔泽梅、泽姆加勒和拉特加勒。
鉴于分层设计，需要包含所选地区所有法人实体完整且更新列表的样本框。为此付出了巨大的努力，以获取这些列表的最佳来源。然而，样本框的质量并不理想，因此需要对不合适的单位进行调整。这些调整反映在权重计算中。
样本框的来源是拉脱维亚中央统计局2008年1月的商业登记册。
在项目开始时评估了框架的质量。该框架被证明是有用的，尽管它显示出非合格率、重复率、不存在单位等正面的比率。这些问题是法人实体调查中典型的，但鉴于这些不准确可能对结果产生的影响，在计算单个观察的适当权重时需要进行调整。作为完成调查的总联系数量的比例，已确认的非合格单位百分比为26.32%（195个中的741个法人实体）。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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当前调查工具包括以下内容：
- 核心问卷 + 制造业模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- 核心问卷 + 零售模块 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- 核心问卷 [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- 筛选问卷。
“核心问卷”是企业调查的核心，包含向全球所有企业提出的问题。还有两种其他调查工具——“核心问卷 + 制造业模块”和“核心问卷 + 零售模块”。调查通过三种工具进行，以避免向特定类型的企业提出不相关的问题，例如，与生产和非生产工人相关的问题不应向零售企业提出。除了跨国家提出的问题外，所有调查都是定制的，并包含具有国家特定的问题。定制的例子包括在某些国家，当旅游业是现有或潜在的经济增长部门时，会提出与旅游业相关的问题。
标准企业调查主题包括企业特征、性别参与、融资渠道、年销售额、投入/劳动成本、劳动力构成、贿赂、许可、基础设施、贸易、犯罪、竞争、产能利用率、土地和许可、税收、非正式性、商业-政府关系、创新和技术以及绩效指标。超过90%的问题客观地确认了一个国家商业环境的特征。其余问题则评估调查受访者对企业增长和绩效的障碍的看法。
数据清理操作
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数据录入和质量控制由承包商实施，数据以批量（通常是10%、50%和100%）的形式交付给世界银行。这些数据交付被检查逻辑一致性、超出范围值、跳过模式和重复条目。问题被世界银行标记并由实施承包商通过数据检查、回访和重新访问法人实体进行纠正。
应答率
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有关抽样方法、样本框、权重、应答率和实施情况的完整信息可在文档“2009年拉脱维亚实施描述.pdf”中找到。