War by Other Means? British and French Commercial Diplomacy in Spain (1783-1808)

This thesis examines British and French commercial diplomacy in Spain from 1783 to 1808, revealing their rivalry for access to Spanish markets. Drawing on archival sources from three countries, it highlights the pivotal role of diplomats and consuls—especially British agents, often merchants themselves—in sustaining trade amid revolutionary upheavals. Despite France’s initial advantages, Britain proved more adaptable, using informal networks and pragmatic strategies to protect its interests. The study shows how commercial diplomacy, shaped by political and institutional changes, was central to Anglo-French competition and offers new insights into trade, diplomacy, and power during the transition from mercantilism to free trade.