Multimodal Profiling Reveals the Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus as a Dynamic Hub Orchestrating Staged Consciousness Recovery

Consciousness recovery from general anesthesia represents a fundamental brain state transition. The absence of objective, continuous metrics to monitor the shift from unconsciousness to full awareness has left its dynamic, multidimensional nature unresolved, fracturing consciousness theoretical framework and posing clinical risks due to unreliable assessment of emergence. To address this, we developed a multiscale framework integrating AI-driven behavioral analysis, wireless neuro-physiology recording, and whole-brain imaging. This decodes recovery into three hierarchical stages, reflex restitution, level restoration, and content re-establishment, each with unique signatures. We identified heart rate stabilization as a potential noninvasive biomarker for the restoration of consciousness level. Crucially, the centromedian nucleus of thalamus acts as a dynamic hub, actively orchestrating staged whole-brain reconfiguration via stage-dependent network routing. These findings resolve the temporal orchestration of consciousness recovery, ground disparate theories within a unified mechanistic sequence, and open transformative paths for real-time monitoring and neuromodulation in anesthesiology and beyond.