Synergistic defensive effects of raphides and kiwifruit extract from which raphides were removed by centrifugation.

Neonate Eri-silkmoth larvae (1.5 mg) were fed castor oil plant leaves painted with kiwifruit homogenate from which raphides were removed by centrifugation, alone, with raphides, or with amorphous calcium oxalate for 1 day, and the larval mass (average ± SD) and mortality were measured. Values of larval mass not followed by the same letters are significantly different (P<0.01; Tukey's test for multiple comparisons).