Canagliflozin combined with aerobic exercise protects against chronic heart failure in rats via regulating the retinol metabolism signaling pathway.

To determine the efficacy and potential protective mechanism of canagliflozin combined with aerobic exercise in treating chronic heart failure (CHF).During 10 days, isoproterenol (5 mg/kg/d) was injected into rats to create CHF models. The rats were then randomized into four groups and administered with saline, canagliflozin (3 mg/kg/d), aerobic exercise training, and canagliflozin combined with aerobic exercise training. Then, we performed gene expression profiling using the data obtained by RNA-seq in the Control, HF, LC and LC-AE groups.