Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) is the most commonly used tool in optogenetics. Because of its faster photocycle compared to wild-type (WT) ChR2, the E123T mutant of ChR2 is a useful optogenetic tool when f
Cells utilize protein translocation to specific compartments for spatial and temporal regulation of protein activity, in particular in the context of signaling processes. Protein recognition and bindi
Rhodopsins act as photoreceptors with their chromophore retinal (vitamin-A aldehyde) and they regulate light-dependent biological functions. Archaerhodopsin-3 (AR3) is an outward proton pump that has
Photosensory domains are powerful tools for placing proteins under optical control, but their integration into light-sensitive chimeras is often challenging. Many designs require structural iterations
Bovine rhodopsin is among the most studied proteins in the rhodopsin family. Its primary activation mechanism is the photoisomerization of 11-cis retinal, triggered by the absorption of a UV–visible p
