Definitions of outcome measures in the three-level conceptual framework.

Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) program scenarios are assessed based on epidemiological and health economics measures (Level 1), program efficiency and policy outcome measures (Level 2), and programmatic feasibility (Level 3).* Gain/Pain index: the proportional reduction in the total number of infections averted (Gain) over the proportional reduction in the total VMMC program cost (Pain). These proportions are assessed relative to the baseline scenario of targeting males aged 15–49 years.Definitions of outcome measures in the three-level conceptual framework.