Land-use heterogeneity drives methane flux across urban ecosystems

This dataset provides field-based measurements of methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water vapor (H₂O) fluxes collected across a range of urban land-use types in Toronto, Canada. The purpose of the dataset is to quantify spatial and seasonal variability in greenhouse gas exchange and to identify the biophysical and biogeochemical controls regulating methane dynamics in heterogeneous urban ecosystems.

The dataset consists of chamber-based flux measurements paired with environmental and soil variables, including soil moisture, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, and (for a subset of observations) total carbon and nitrogen. Each record represents an individual flux measurement from a fixed collar at a specific site and time, capturing fine-scale variability across urban land-use categories such as forests, lawns, street tree systems, and wetlands.

The scope of the dataset encompasses multiple sites, replicate sampling points, and seasonal campaigns, enabling analysis of both land-use gradients and temporal dynamics in urban greenhouse gas fluxes. The data are suitable for statistical modeling (e.g., mixed-effects models, structural equation modeling) and for advancing process-level understanding of urban methane source–sink behavior and its environmental controls.