Summary on the dynamics changes of CAFs during spermiogenesis after 50 µM Curcumin for 48 h.

aSteps of spermiogenesis.
b+: signals positive; −: signals negative; +/−: signals positive in most cells (>50%) of given step; −/+: signals negative in most cells (>50%) of given step.
cTest: summary on expression profile of given factors in Curcumin-treated group; Control: summary on expression profile of given factors in normal spermiogenesis.