Network Scalability in Blockchain Systems: Current Status and Prospects

Blockchain technology has attracted significant attention due to its decentralized and immutable characteristics. However, current blockchain systems commonly suffer from network scalability bottlenecks, limiting their large-scale practical deployment. Essentially, blockchain network scalability involves improving transaction throughput and reducing latency under decentralized conditions. This paper first introduces the background and technical architecture of blockchain and analyzes its network scalability issues. Subsequently, according to the mainstream three-layer blockchain scalability framework, it comprehensively analyzes Layer 0, Layer 1 (on-chain), and Layer 2 (off-chain) scalability solutions, examining their research methodologies, principles, and respective advantages and disadvantages in optimizing blockchain network scalability. Finally, this paper addresses the challenges faced by blockchain network scalability and explores potential future research directions.