Focal tree species, their overall abundance and frequency, and their functional traits.

Total stem number (n) and frequency of occurrence (Freq, % of plot presences) were calculated in the 56,445 0.5-ha plots. Leaf phenology (Leaf pheno) and shade tolerance (Shade tol) were extracted from [36]–[38] and complemented by field observations (J.L. Doucet, pers. obs.). Wood density (WD, g.cm−3) and maximum growth rates (cm.yr−1) are from [39].Abbreviations for leaf phenology and shade tolerance correspond to:*Deci: deciduous species; Ever: evergreen species.†P: pioneer species; NPLD: non-pioneer light demanding species; ST: shade tolerant species.