Example measurements of electron energy and pitch angle distributions from Venus Express

Venus has negligible intrinsic magnetic fields to the first order, such
that its ionosphere (the charged part of the atmosphere) interacts
directly with the solar wind plasma and magnetic field. Therefore,
magnetic connectivity to the ionosphere and/or solar wind is an important
piece of information for understanding the near-Venus space environment
and the Sun-Venus interaction. We utilize measurements from the Venus
Express to determine magnetic connectivity, or magnetic topology, for the
first time. We find three types of magnetic topology at Venus, one of
which is unexpected. This study enhances our current understanding of
Venus' magnetic configuration and lays the groundwork for a powerful
new tool to help understand various topics of the near-Venus space
environment.