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3CLp dimer binds 3CLp inhibitors

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reactome.org2025-01-15 收录
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The rep proteases that are essential for viral polyprotein processing by the coronaviruses and enteroviruses exhibit a strong preference for substrates containing Gln at P1 position, and share an active-site conformation that engages the substrate's P1 residue. PF-00835231, compound 11r and compound 13b are peptidomimetic α-ketoamides that function as high-affinity non-cleavable substrate analogues and thus exhibit antiviral activity against dimeric 3C-like proteinases (3CLp dimer) of coronaviruses and enteroviruses (Chen et al. 2005, Zhang et al. 2020). Nirmatrelvir contains the amide as part of a heterocycle and is optimized for oral delivery (Vandyck & Deval, 2021).<br><br>The clinical safety and efficacy of α-ketoamides in Covid-19 are under investigation. The compound PF-00835231 is in a phase I trial NCT04535167 (as phosphate prodrug), and nirmatrelvir was the subject of the phase I trial NCT04756531 that showed plasma concentrations were considerably above the SARS-COV-2 antiviral EC90 value (Owen et al, 2021). In the followup phase 2/3 trial (NCT04960202) interim analysis the drug was found to reduce the risk of hospitalization or death by 89% compared to placebo. This lead to emergency approval of the combination with ritonavir as Paxlovid.<br><br>In addition to α-ketoamides other compounds inhibit 3C-like proteinases.<br><br>Boceprevir, narlaprevir, simeprevir, telaprevir and vaniprevir are hepatitis C drugs that inhibit HCV nsp3 protease, as well as SARS-CoV-2 3CLp (Ma et al, 2020; Lo et al, 2020; Anson et al, 2020; Kneller et al, 2020; Bafna et al, 2021; Jan et al, 2021). Nelfinavir is an HIV protease inhibitor that also inhibits nsp3 at IC50 of 118 ± 18 µM (Jan et al, 2021). However, nelfinavir mesylate exhibited 15-fold higher anti–SARS-CoV-2 activity than boceprevir due to Spike inhibition (Musarrat et al, 2020).<br><br>Suramin is used to treat African sleeping sickness and river blindness, the mechanism of which is not clear. It inhibits nsp3 at an IC50 of 6.5 μM (Zhu et al, 2020). Baicalin and baicalein are natural flavonoids from Scutellaria species, used in folklore medicine and were investigated in phase I trials. They inhibit nsp3 at IC50 of 6.41 ± 0.95 µM, and 0.94 ± 0.20 µM respectively (Su et al, 2020). Ebselen is a mimic of glutathione peroxidase with antioxidant activity. In two studies inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro protease (nsp3) and 3CLp was shown. This was not confirmed, however, in a third study (Jin et al, 2020; Tomczak et al, 2021; Gurard-Levin et al, 2020).

冠状病毒和肠道病毒所必需的代表性蛋白酶,在病毒多蛋白处理过程中对含有谷氨酰胺(Gln)于P1位点的底物表现出强烈的偏好性,并共享一种活性位点构象,该构象与底物的P1残基相互作用。PF-00835231、化合物11r和化合物13b是肽类类似物α-酮酰胺,作为高亲和力不可切割的底物类似物发挥作用,因此对冠状病毒和肠道病毒的二聚体3C样蛋白酶(3CLp二聚体)表现出抗病毒活性(Chen等人,2005年,Zhang等人,2020年)。尼玛特韦含有酰胺基团,作为杂环的一部分,并优化了口服给药(Vandyck和Deval,2021年)。 α-酮酰胺在COVID-19中的临床安全性和有效性正在研究中。化合物PF-00835231正在进行I期临床试验NCT04535167(作为磷酸前药),尼玛特韦是I期临床试验NCT04756531的研究对象,该试验显示血浆浓度远高于SARS-CoV-2抗病毒EC90值(Owen等人,2021年)。在后续的2/3期临床试验(NCT04960202)中期分析中,该药物被发现与安慰剂相比,能将住院或死亡的风险降低89%。这导致了与利托那韦组合的紧急批准,作为Paxlovid。 除了α-酮酰胺外,其他化合物也能抑制3C样蛋白酶。 波西普韦、纳拉普韦、西美普韦、泰拉普韦和万尼普韦是抑制丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)nsp3蛋白酶,以及SARS-CoV-2 3CLp(Ma等人,2020年;Lo等人,2020年;Anson等人,2020年;Kneller等人,2020年;Bafna等人,2021年;Jan等人,2021年)的药物。奈非那韦是一种HIV蛋白酶抑制剂,也能在IC50为118±18µM时抑制nsp3(Jan等人,2021年)。然而,由于刺突抑制,奈非那韦甲磺酸盐表现出比波西普韦高15倍以上的抗SARS-CoV-2活性(Musarrat等人,2020年)。 苏拉明用于治疗非洲睡眠病和河盲症,其作用机制尚不明确。它在IC50为6.5µM时抑制nsp3(Zhu等人,2020年)。黄芩苷和黄芩素是来自唇形科植物的自然黄酮类化合物,用于民间医学,并在I期临床试验中进行了研究。它们分别在IC50为6.41±0.95µM和0.94±0.20µM时抑制nsp3(Su等人,2020年)。乙硒二硫是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的类似物,具有抗氧化活性。在两项研究中,已显示对SARS-CoV-2 PLpro蛋白酶(nsp3)和3CLp的抑制作用。然而,在第三项研究中,这一结果并未得到证实(Jin等人,2020年;Tomczak等人,2021年;Gurard-Levin等人,2020年)。
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