Strong environment X genotype interactions determine the fitness costs of antibiotic resistance in vitro and in an insect model of infection (dataset)

The acquisition of antibiotic resistance commonly imposes fitness costs, a reduction in the fitness of bacteria in the absence of drugs. These costs have been primarily quantified using in vitro experiments and a small number of in vivo studies in mice, and it is commonly assumed that these diverse methods are consistent. Here, we used an insect model of infection to compare the fitness costs of antibiotic resistance in vivo relative to in vitro conditions. Experiments explored diverse mechanisms of resistance in a Gram-positive pathogen, Bacillus thuringiensis, and a Gram-negative intestinal symbiont, Enterobacter cloacae. Rifampicin resistance in B. thuringiensis showed fitness costs that were typically elevated in vivo, although these were modulated by genotype-environment interactions. In contrast, resistance to cefotaxime via de-repression of AmpC β-lactamase in E. cloacae resulted in undetectable costs in vivo or in vitro, while spontaneous resistance to nalidixic acid, and carriage of the IncP plasmid RP4, imposed costs that increased in vivo. Overall, fitness costs in vitro were a poor predictor of fitness costs in vivo because of strong genotype environment interactions throughout this study. Insect infections provide a cheap and accessible means of assessing fitness consequences of resistance mutations, data that is important to understand the evolution and spread of resistance. This study emphasizes that the fitness costs imposed by particular mutations or different modes of resistance are extremely variable, and that only a subset of these mutations are likely to be prevalent outside of the laboratory.