Table e-1 and e-references for: Neurogenic dysphagia: a systematic review and proposal of a classification system

Objective: Introduction of a phenotypic classification of dysphagia with differential diagnostic implications and its validation in different disease groups using videos of flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES).

Methods: A systematic literature review was performed to summarize disease-typical FEES-findings. In an interdisciplinary team, a FEES-based classification of neurogenic dysphagia was developed which distinguishes different dysphagia phenotypes. The classification was validated using 1012 randomly selected FEES videos of patients with various neurological disorders. Chi-square tests were applied to investigate the relationship between the disease groups and each dysphagia phenotype.

Results: Seven dysphagia phenotypes were defined and all phenotypes were significantly  associated with specific neurological disease groups: (1) “Premature bolus spillage” and (2) “delayed swallowing reflex” occurred mainly in stroke patients, (3) “predominance of residue in the ...