Effect of source sample amount on biodiversity surveys of bacteria, fungi and nematodes in soil ecosystem

Bacteria, fungi, and nematodes are major components of soil ecosystems, playing pivotal roles in belowground material cycles and biological community processes. A number of studies have recently uncovered the diversity and community structure of those organisms in various types of soil ecosystems based on DNA metabarcoding (amplicon sequencing). However, because each of the most previous studies examined only one or two of the three organismal groups, it remains an important challenge to reveal the entire picture of soil community structure. We herein examined how we could standardize DNA extraction protocols for simultaneous DNA metabarcoding of bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. Specifically, in an Illumina sequencing analysis of forest and farmland soil samples, we performed DNA extraction at five levels of soil-amount settings (0.5 g, 2 g, 5 g, 10 g, and 20 g). We then found that DNA extraction with the 0.5-g soil setting, which had been applied as default in many commercial DNA extraction kits, could lead to underestimation of alpha-diversity in all the three organismal groups. The detected family-level diversity of nematodes, in particular, increased with increasing soil amounts in DNA extraction. Our results also indicated that dissimilarity (beta-diversity) of community structure among replicate samples were higher in fungi and nematodes than in bacteria, suggesting difference in basic levels of spatial heterogeneity among the three organismal groups. These findings provide platforms for optimizing DNA metabarcoding protocols commonly applicable to major groups of organisms in soil ecosystems.