Weighted mean regression coefficients and standard errors (P-values) from linear models of recruitment as a function of standardized elk counts and May 1 snowpack in six herds colonized by wolves and six uncolonized herds (cumulative May–September precipitation was excluded from the model fit to es

1Includes one post-wolf year, 1996, for a significantly better fit. Coefficients without this year: count −0.019±0.008, P = 0.062; snow −0.010±0.010, P = 0.368; intercept 0.050±0.010, P = 0.003.