The open time-series of the high-resolution ionosphere-thermosphere aeronomic climate simulation (OTHITACS)

TIE-GCM (thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model) is a three-dimensional, time-dependent, physics-based model of the thermosphere and ionosphere (https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL00401). The website http://www.hao.ucar.edu/modeling/tgcm hosts the open-source TIE-GCM code. TIE-GCM assumes hydrostatic equilibrium, constant gravity, steady-state ion and electron energy equations, and incompressibility on a constant pressure surface.

In this experiment, we use TIE-GCM version 2.0 (released on 21 March 2016) with a horizontal resolution of 2.5 by 2.5 in geographic latitude and longitude, and a vertical resolution of 0.25 scale-height. We specify the solar irradiance input to the model via an empirical solar proxy model—the extreme ultraviolet flux model for aeronomic calculations (EUVAC; https://doi.org/10.1029/94JA00518; https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011160). This empirical formulation uses the average of the daily solar flux F10.7 and its 81-day centred mean. Here, we use the value observed by the ground-based solar radio telescope, as it is more suitable for upper-atmospheric applications than the F10.7 adjusted for Earth-Sun distance. We use the Kp index-based ion convection model of Heelis et al. (1982; https://doi.org/10.1029/JA087iA08p06339) and the auroral particle precipitation scheme of Roble and Ridley (1987; https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AnGeo...5..369R) with modifications of Emery et al. (2012; http://doi.org/10.5065/D6N29TXZ) to specify the magnetospheric forcing, which describes the high-latitude mean energy, energy flux and electric potential. To account for the tidal forcing from the lower atmosphere, we use the global scale wave model (GSWM) of Hagan et al. (2001; https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA000344) to perturb the lower boundary of the TIE-GCM. Here, the GSWM specifies the migrating diurnal and semidiurnal and the nonmigrating diurnal and semidiurnal tides, which add perturbations to the zonal mean neutral temperature and horizontal winds, among others. We also add perturbations to the advective and diffusive transport via the constant eddy diffusion coefficient described in Qian et al. (2009; https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013643).

Through this experiment, we provide access to the following diagnostic quantities at a cadence of 10 minutes:
Neutral temperature,
Neutral zonal wind,
Neutral meridional wind,
Neutral vertical wind,
Molecular oxygen,
Atomic oxygen,
Molecular nitrogen,
Nitric oxide,
Helium,
Total neutral mass density,
TEC: total electron content,
Electron density,
Electron temperature,
Ion temperature,
O+ ion,
O2+ ion,
Electric potential,
Joule heating,
BX/BMAG: normalized eastward component of magnetic field,
BY/BMAG: normalized northward component of magnetic field,
BZ/BMAG: normalized upward component of magnetic field,
BMAG: magnetic field magnitude,
Zonal ExB velocity,
Meridional ExB velocity,
Vertical ExB velocity,
Zonal component of electric field,
Meridional component of electric field,
Vertical component of electric field,
Magnetic eastward component of electric field,
Magnetic downward (equatorward) component of electric field,
Geopotential height,
Geometric height ZG,
Pedersen conductivity,
Hall conductivity,
Pedersen ion drag coefficient,
Hall ion drag coefficient,
Aurora energy flux,
Aurora number flux.

TIE-GCM（热层-电离层-电动力学一般环流模型）是一个基于物理的三维、时变热层和电离层的三维物理模型（https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL00401）。该开源TIE-GCM代码托管于http://www.hao.ucar.edu/modeling/tgcm网站。TIE-GCM模型假定静力平衡、恒定重力、稳态离子和电子能量方程以及恒压面上的不可压缩性。在本实验中，我们采用TIE-GCM版本2.0（发布于2016年3月21日），其水平分辨率为2.5×2.5地理纬度和经度，垂直分辨率为0.25尺度高度。我们通过经验太阳模拟模型——用于大气计算的极端紫外通量模型（EUVAC；https://doi.org/10.1029/94JA00518；https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011160）——为模型指定太阳辐照度输入。该经验公式采用每日太阳通量F10.7的平均值及其81天的中心平均值。在此，我们采用地面太阳射电望远镜观测到的值，因为它比调整地球-太阳距离的F10.7更适合用于高层大气应用。我们使用基于Kp指数的离子对流模型（Heelis等，1982年；https://doi.org/10.1029/JA087iA08p06339）和Roble与Ridley（1987年；https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987AnGeo...5..369R）的极光粒子沉降方案，经Emery等（2012年；http://doi.org/10.5065/D6N29TXZ）修改，以指定磁层强迫，该强迫描述了高纬度的平均能量、能量通量和电势。为了考虑来自低层大气的潮汐强迫，我们使用Hagan等（2001年；https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JA000344）的全局尺度波模型（GSWM）扰动TIE-GCM的下边界。在此，GSWM指定了迁移的日潮和半日潮以及非迁移的日潮和半日潮，这些潮汐扰动了对流和扩散传输，包括区域平均中性温度和水平风速等。我们还通过Qian等（2009年；https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013643）中描述的恒定涡流扩散系数对对流和扩散传输添加扰动。通过本实验，我们以10分钟的时间间隔提供以下诊断量：中性温度、中性纬向风、中性经向风、中性垂直风、分子氧、原子氧、分子氮、一氧化氮、氦、总中性质量密度、TEC：总电子含量、电子密度、电子温度、离子温度、O+离子、O2+离子、电势、焦耳加热、BX/BMAG：磁场的标准化向东分量、BY/BMAG：磁场的标准化向北分量、BZ/BMAG：磁场的标准化向上分量、BMAG：磁场强度、纬向ExB速度、经向ExB速度、垂直ExB速度、纬向电场分量、经向电场分量、垂直电场分量、电场的磁向东分量、电场的磁向下（赤道向）分量、大地高度、几何高度ZG、佩德森电导率、霍尔电导率、佩德森离子拖曳系数、霍尔离子拖曳系数、极光能量通量、极光粒子通量。