Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Stripe Rust Response in Wheat Cultivar Anmai1350

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world's indispensable staple crop and a vital source of food for human diet. Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), constitutes a severe threat to wheat production and in severe cases, the crop fails completely. Anmai1350 (AM1350) is moderately resistant to leaf rust and powdery mildew, and highly susceptible to sheath blight and fusarium head blight. We found that the length and area of mycelium in AM1350 cells varied at different time points of Pst infection. To investigate the molecular mechanism of AM1350 resistance to Pst, we performed transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomic changes of the seedling leaves of AM1350 at different stages of Pst infection at 0 hours post-infection (hpi),6 hpi, 24 hpi, 48 hpi, 72 hpi, and 120 hpi through RNA-seq. Validation of RNA sequencing data was performed by Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR), demonstrating the accuracy of the RNA sequencing results. It was determined that there were differences in the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of AM1350 at different stages of Pst infection, and the upregulation and downregulation of the DEGs changed with the time of infection. At different time points, there were varying degrees of enrichment in the response pathways of AM1350, such as the "MAPK signaling pathway-plants", the "Plant-pathogen interaction" pathway and other pathways. After Pst infected AM1350, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content gradually increases. The ROS is toxic to Pst, promotes the synthesis of phytoalexins, and inhibits the spread of Pst. As a result, AM1350 shows resistance to Pst race CYR34. The main objective of this study is to provide a better understanding for resistance mechanisms of wheat in response to Pst infections and to avoid production loss.