What was the impact of the pandemic and energy‑food shocks on European consumers’ “everyday spending”?: Insights from a new dataset of monthly card spending for 12 countries and 9 spending categories
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European consumers have withstood major shocks since 2019, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the energy and food price shock following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and a sharp rise in the overall price level amid tightening of monetary policy. This paper constructs a new high-frequency, granular dataset from aggregated, anonymised...
