A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the dog

The domestic dog is interesting to investigate because of their wide range of body size, body mass, and physique. In the last several years, the number of clinical and biomechanical studies on dog locomotion has increased. However, the relationship between body structure and joint load during locomotion, as well as between joint load and degenerative diseases of the locomotor system (e.g. dysplasia), are not sufficiently understood. Collecting this data through in vivo measurements/records of joint forces and loads on deep/small muscles is complex, invasive, and sometimes unethical. The use of detailed musculoskeletal models may help fill the knowledge gap. We describe here the methods we used to create a detailed musculoskeletal model with 84 degrees of freedom and 134 muscles. Our model has three key-features: three-dimensionality, scalability, and modularity. We tested the validity of the model by identifying forelimb muscle synergies of a beagle at walk. We used inverse dynamics and static optimization to estimate muscle activations based on experimental data. We identified three muscle synergy groups by using hierarchical clustering. The activation patterns predicted from the model exhibit good agreement with experimental data for most of the forelimb muscles. We expect that our model will speed up the analysis of how body size, physique, agility, and disease influence neuronal control and joint loading in dog locomotion. <br/><br/>This project includes the following software/data packages: <br/> <ul> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2250">Dog forelimb model (verified) </a> : Model and data from the publication:Stark, H., Fischer, M.S., Hunt, A. et al. A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the dog. Sci Rep 11, 11335 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90058-0 </li> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2278">Scaling data (Beagle) </a> : Scaling data for the Beagle with the use of the Shephard dog in Opensim. </li> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2271">Full dog model (simplified) </a> : Working version of the dog model – Shepard dog </li> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2273">Full dog model (curved) </a> : Working version of the dog model – Shepard dog / Curved muscle center lines (cause of possible errors) </li> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2276">Forelimb dog model (simplified </a> : Working version of the dog model – Shepard dog </li> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2274">Forelimb dog model (curved) </a> : Working version of the dog model – Shepard dog / Curved muscle center lines (cause of possible errors) </li> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2277">Hindlimb dog model (simplified </a> : Working version of the dog model – Shepard dog </li> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2275">Hindlimb dog model (curved) </a> : Working version of the dog model – Shepard dog / Curved muscle center lines (cause of possible errors) </li> <li> <a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2279">Low geometries </a> : Patch for blank visualizer (empty json file).See also: viewtopicPhpbb.php?f=91&t=13078&p=37504&start=0&view= </li> </ul>

家犬因其体型、体重及体格的广泛变异而引人入胜，成为研究之对象。近年来，关于犬类运动机能的临床及生物力学研究数量显著增加。然而，在运动过程中，身体结构与关节负荷之间的关系，以及关节负荷与运动系统退行性疾病（如发育不良）之间的联系，尚未得到充分理解。通过体内测量/记录关节力量和深层/小型肌肉负荷以收集此类数据，过程复杂、侵入性，有时甚至存在伦理争议。采用详细的肌肉骨骼模型或许有助于填补知识空白。本文阐述了构建一个具有84个自由度和134个肌肉的详细肌肉骨骼模型的方法。我们的模型具备三维建模、可扩展性和模块化三大关键特性。通过识别猎犬行走时的前肢肌肉协同作用，我们验证了该模型的准确性。基于实验数据，我们采用逆向动力学和静态优化方法估算肌肉激活。利用层次聚类法，我们确定了三个肌肉协同组。模型预测的激活模式与实验数据在大多数前肢肌肉方面表现出良好的一致性。我们预期，本模型将加速对体型、体格、敏捷性及疾病如何影响犬类运动中的神经元控制和关节负荷的分析。本项目涉及以下软件/数据包：

<ul>
<li><a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2250">犬前肢模型（已验证）</a>：来源于出版物《Stark, H., Fischer, M.S., Hunt, A. et al. A three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of the dog. Sci Rep 11, 11335 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90058-0》的模型和数据。</li>
<li><a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2278">缩放数据（猎犬）</a>：使用 Opensim 中的 Shephard 犬对猎犬进行缩放的数据。</li>
<li><a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2271">完整犬模型（简化版）</a>：工作版犬模型——Shepard 犬。</li>
<li><a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2273">完整犬模型（曲线版）</a>：工作版犬模型——Shepard 犬/曲线肌肉中心线（可能引起误差）。</li>
<li><a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2276">前肢犬模型（简化版）</a>：工作版犬模型——Shepard 犬。</li>
<li><a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2274">前肢犬模型（曲线版）</a>：工作版犬模型——Shepard 犬/曲线肌肉中心线（可能引起误差）。</li>
<li><a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2277">后肢犬模型（简化版）</a>：工作版犬模型——Shepard 犬。</li>
<li><a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2275">后肢犬模型（曲线版）</a>：工作版犬模型——Shepard 犬/曲线肌肉中心线（可能引起误差）。</li>
<li><a href="https://simtk.org/frs?group_id=2032#pack_2279">低几何形状</a>：空白可视化器的补丁（空 JSON 文件）。另请参阅：viewtopicPhpbb.php?f=91&amp;amp;t=13078&amp;amp;p=37504&amp;amp;start=0&amp;amp;view=。</li>
</ul>