ESCAPE approach for the sustainability evaluation of spent lithium-ion batteries recovery: dataset of 33 available technologies

Several studies have proposed the possibility to recover a variety of materials from LIBs, even if the processes are developed only at the lab-scale.
The ESCAPE approach is presented and applied to evaluate the available strategies to recover materials from LIBs.
Following this approach, the data about energy consumption and emissions are calculated for all the steps of the 33 selected literature processes, proposed for LIBs recovery.
The calculated data are used to evaluate the sustainability of selected technologies, allowing to provide an instrument to support the most suitable activities able to extract materials from waste acting in substitution of natural resources use.
The parameters evaluated in the ESCAPE approach (embodied energy and carbon footprint) are evaluated for the technologies presented in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130493.

Table 5 reports the detailed values of the embodied energy and the carbon footprint evaluated for all the steps of each considered process (see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130493), divided into four categories: thermal treatments, mechanical treatments, chemicals, and water use. The data were calculated considering the processes as exactly described by the authors.

Table 6 reports the detailed values of the embodied energy and the carbon footprint evaluated for all the steps of each considered process (see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130493), divided into four categories: thermal treatments, mechanical treatments, chemicals, and water use. The data were calculated considering the use of distilled water instead of ultrapure water or deionized water for chemicals dilution. In addition, for the products washing, only tap water was considered.