Yorku.Grassland&OpenDisturbedArea.Oct03-2016

Meta Data:1) Abundance Native Plants: This is a discrete variable. A 50 m transect was placed along the length of the grassland/open disturbed area (43.776028,-79.495928). The quadrat was moved every 2 m along transect. Using a quadrat, the abundance of native plants was determined by visually distinguishing between exotic and native and then counted the amount of native plants within the quadrant. In ambiguous situation the teaching assistant was consulted for further clarification. This was repeated 25 times and took on average 30 minutes to collect and record. 2) Abundance Exotic Plants: This is a discrete variable. A 50m transect was placed along the length of the grassland/open disturbed area (43.776028,-79.495928). Every 2m along the transect, a quadrat was placed alternating left and right, to visually determine the number of exotic plants present within the quadrant. To estimate the abundance of exotic grass within a quadrant, an area of 0.0625 m2 sample of the quadrant was counted and then multiplied by 4. This was repeated 25 times and the data was collected simultaneously with dataset 1 by individual peers. 3) Total Number of Flowers: This a discrete variable. A 50 m transect was placed along the length of the grassland/open disturbed area (43.776028,-79.495928). Every two meters along the transect, a quadrat was placed alternating left and right to determine the total number of flowers within the quadrant. The number of total flowers was counted within the quadrat. This was repeated 25 times and the data took 30 minutes to collect 4) Abundance woody plants: This is a discrete variable. A 50 m transect was placed along the length of the grassland/open disturbed area (43.776028,-79.495928). Then counted the number trees 0.5 m perpendicular to the transect on either side every 2m. The tree had to be 1.5 m in height or greater to be considered as a woody plants. 25 replicates were recorded and took 30 minutes to collect. 5) Canopy cover: This is a continuous variable. For each respective replicate, the percentage of sky cover not visible due to impeding canopy cover, directly above the observer was estimated. 25 replicates were recorded and took 40 minutes to complete simultaneously with dataset 2 variables. 25 recorded and took 30 minutes to collect. 6) Ground cover: This is a continuous variable. The vegetative ground cover was estimated as a percentage by the observer directly looking underneath themselves. 25 replicates were recorded and took 30 minutes to collect simultaneously along with the other variables of dataset 2. 7) Total flower numbers: This is a discrete variable. The number of flowers around the 50 m transect was measured every 2 m around the woody plant area. 25 replicates were recorded and took 30 minutes to collect simultaneously along with the other variables of dataset 2. 8) Abundance vertebrates: This is a discrete variable, which was measured with the use of a point/observation survey while standing at the beginning of the 50m transect (43.776028,-79.495928). Any/all vertebrates that were visually identified within a 50m radius from the original position were counted and recorded for a 15 min period for 2 replicate trials. 9) Vertebrates Species: This is a discrete variable that was measured by taking the abundance of vertebrates and visually distinguishing them as separate vertebrate species. For example, big black bird, small blue bird with small beak, etc. In areas of conflict, the teaching assistant was consulted for approval/confirmation. 10) Abundance Invertebrates observed: This is a discrete variable, which was measured with the use of a point/observation survey while standing at the beginning of the 50m transect (43.776028,-79.495928). Any/all invertebrates that were visually identified within a 50m radius from the original position were counted and recorded for a 15 min period for 2 replicate trials. 11) Abundance Humans: This is a discrete variable, which was measured with the use of a point/observation survey while standing at the beginning of the 50m transect (43.776028,-79.495928). Any/all humans that were visually identified (whether on-foot, in motor-vehicle or other modes of transportation) within a 50m radius from the original position were counted and recorded for a period of 15 min for 2 replicate trials. 12) Abundance invertebrates pan traps: This is a discrete variable measured with the usage of 6 pan traps (coloured plastic bowl with approx. 20mL of soap water). The 6 replicate pan traps were placed 3 meters apart, along the transect, while alternating colours (blue, yellow, white) in the grassland/open disturbed area (43.776028,-79.495928). After placement of the pan traps, a period of 25 minutes was elapsed, at which point the abundance of invertebrates captured by the pan trap was counted and recorded. The variables of dataset 4 were done in 40 minutes. 13) Abundance invertebrates sweeps: This is a discrete variable. Used the sweep net along the 50 m transect (43.776028,-79.495928) and swept 1 m perpendicular to the transect. After thoroughly sweeping in the grassland/ open disturbed area and counted the amount of invertebrates caught in the sweep net. Study Site Description: A field study was conducted at the Grassland and the disturbed open space located on York University’s Keele campus near Keele Street and York Boulevard in Toronto, Ontario on October 3, 2016, around 2:45 pm. The temperature was around 18 degrees Celsius, gloomy skies, lots of cloud cover and some sunshine. Hypothesis:It is hypothesized that canopy coverage will lead to limitations in abundance of plants, flowers, vegetative cover and animals species because of increased competition for essential resources including sunlight, water, nitrogen and other mineral nutrients. Predictions:1. Increased Canopy cover will lead to a decrease in vegetative cover. 2. Increased canopy coverage will result in decreased abundance of vertebrate species. 3. The greater percentile of canopy coverage will result in lesser abundance of exotic and native plant species. Methods:The experiment was conducted at the grassland and the disturbed open space at York university Keele campus at 2:40 p.m. E.T and lasted approximately 2 hours and 30minutes. The 50m transect was established by using two 30 tape measure and aligning it in a linear fashion. The tape was set as low as possible without disturbing the area. For Dataset 1, quadrats were placed alternately left and right along the transect every 2 m. The quadrats were placed 0.5m away from the transect in a random fashion. The number of flowers were then within the quadrant. Then the abundance of exotic plants (i.e. grass, weed, etc.) and native plants (i.e. white and purple flowered plants) within the quadrant were counted. For calculating the abundance of grass, the number of grass in a quarter (0.5m*0.5m) was counted and then multiplied by four. This process was repeated 24 times along the 50m transect every 2m in the grassland and in the open disturbed area. For dataset 2, using the same 50 m transect, the abundance of wood plants (trees) 0.5m perpendicular to the transect were surveyed. Also, the canopy coverage and vegetative ground coverage was estimated and the total number of flowers were counted around the area. This process was done every 2 m along the transect 25 times in both the grassland and open disturb area. For data set 3, stood at the beginning of the transect and surveyed along a 50 m radius for 15 minutes and observed the abundance of humans that crossed by, without including lab group members. Also, the abundance of vertebrates (birds, Canadian geese, etc.), number of vertebrate species and the abundance of invertebrates (snails, spiders, ants, etc.) were observed. This process was repeated for one more 15 minute interval for a total of two times in both grassland and the open disturbed area. For dataset 4, the pan test was conducted for 30 minutes and six pans were placed with soap water. The pans were placed 3m away from each other along the transect in the color scheme of blue, yellow, white, blue, yellow, white. Then counted the abundance of invertebrates (i.e. ants, flies, spiders, etc.) caught in pan traps for a total 6 trials. Then conducted the sweep test for 20 minutes along the 50 m transect. Then, the abundance of invertebrate was counted caught in the sweep test. A total of 10 trials were done. The data was collected across two notebooks among three group members/peer and later accumulated to be digitally recorded on a excel document and saved as a .csv file. Group Members: Pedro Carrera, Geethanjanen Raveendhran, Sukhraj Singh