Final model estimates explaining the variation observed along male behavioral principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) in mating groups of Alpine ibex according to: group size, group size², adult sex ratio (ASR and ASR²), and the proportion of old (≥9-yrs) males relative to all ma

Starting models included all second order interactions. The presented models are those retained by stepwise model selection based on Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). For PC1, only groups belonging to the second mode of the bi-normal distribution (of sufficiently large sample size) were included in the analyses. In addition, for PC1 and PC3, models excluding potential outliers are also presented (see text). P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01.