Table_1_Ocean Solutions to Address Climate Change and Its Effects on Marine Ecosystems.pdf

The Paris Agreement target of limiting global surface warming to 1.5–2°C compared to pre-industrial levels by 2100 will still heavily impact the ocean. While ambitious mitigation and adaptation are both needed, the ocean provides major opportunities for action to reduce climate change globally and its impacts on vital ecosystems and ecosystem services. A comprehensive and systematic assessment of 13 global- and local-scale, ocean-based measures was performed to help steer the development and implementation of technologies and actions toward a sustainable outcome. We show that (1) all measures have tradeoffs and multiple criteria must be used for a comprehensive assessment of their potential, (2) greatest benefit is derived by combining global and local solutions, some of which could be implemented or scaled-up immediately, (3) some measures are too uncertain to be recommended yet, (4) political consistency must be achieved through effective cross-scale governance mechanisms, (5) scientific effort must focus on effectiveness, co-benefits, disbenefits, and costs of poorly tested as well as new and emerging measures.

《巴黎协定》旨在将全球地表温度与工业化前水平相比控制在2100年的1.5至2°C以内，这一目标将对海洋产生深远影响。鉴于既需要雄心勃勃的缓解措施，又需要适应性措施，海洋为全球气候变化及其对关键生态系统和生态系统服务的影響提供了重要的行动机遇。本研究对13项全球和地方尺度的海洋措施进行了全面而系统的评估，以引导技术和行动的发展与实施，迈向可持续的结果。研究表明：（1）所有措施均存在权衡，对其潜力的全面评估必须采用多个标准；（2）通过结合全球和地方解决方案，可以获取最大的利益，其中一些解决方案可以立即实施或扩大规模；（3）某些措施由于不确定性过高，尚不适宜推荐；（4）必须通过有效的跨尺度治理机制实现政治一致性；（5）科学努力应聚焦于未经验证以及新兴措施的效能、协同效益、不利影响和成本。