SPECIES OF STREPTOCOCCUS CAUSING CARIES IN CHILDREN AND THEIR LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

This article highlights the role of bacteria belonging to the genus Streptococcus, particularly Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, as the primary etiological factors of dental caries in children. Nowadays, dental caries is thought to be an ecological imbalance in the oral biofilm that causes the hard tissues of the tooth to dissolve. Dental decay has historically been believed to be caused by two species of the Streptococci group: Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Streptococcus sanguinis (SS). The pathogenesis of caries development, biofilm formation mechanisms, and demineralization processes are explained on a scientific basis. Laboratory diagnostic methods—microscopic, bacteriological, biochemical, immunological, and molecular (PCR) methods—are also extensively covered. The importance of assessing the risk of caries and prescribing preventive measures through modern diagnostics is demonstrated. Early detection of this disease in children plays an important role not only in maintaining dental health but also in strengthening overall health. Microbiological control, individual hygiene, and proper nutrition are considered interconnected factors in the prevention of caries.