Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR) version 3.11 regional climate model output, 1979-2019, Greenland domain, 10 kilometer (km) horizontal resolution

Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR) is a regional climate model that is fully coupled to a one-dimensional surface-atmosphere energy and mass transfer scheme, SISVAT (Soil Ice Snow Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer) (Fettweis et al., 2005, 2020; Lefebre et al., 2005). SISVAT employs a multilayered snowpack model, CROCUS, that simulates meltwater production, percolation, and refreeze (Brun et al., 1989), while also accounting for changes in albedo due to snow metamorphism (Brun et al., 1992). MAR has been extensively verified over the Greenland Ice Sheet and is therefore particularly well suited for analyses of Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance (Fettweis et al., 2011; Fettweis et al., 2020; Lefebre et al. 2005; Mattingly et al. 2020). Brun, E., Martin, E., Simon, V., Gendre, C., and Coléou, C. (1989). An energy and mass model of snow cover suitable for operational avalanche forecasting. Journal of Glaciology, 35, 333. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000009254 Brun, E., David, P., Sudul, M., and Brunot, G. (1992). A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting. Journal of Glaciology, 38(128), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000009552 Fettweis, X., Gallée, H., Lefebre, F., and van Ypersele, J.-P. (2005). Greenland surface mass balance simulated by a regional climate model and comparison with satellite-derived data in 1990–1991. Climate Dynamics, 24(6), 623–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0010-y Fettweis, X., Tedesco, M., van den Broeke, M., and Ettema, J. (2011). Melting trends over the Greenland ice sheet (1958–2009) from spaceborne microwave data and regional climate models. The Cryosphere, 5(2), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-359-2011 Fettweis, X., Hofer, S., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Amory, C., Aoki, T., Berends, C. J., et al. (2020). GrSMBMIP: intercomparison of the modelled 1980–2012 surface mass balance over the Greenland Ice Sheet. The Cryosphere, 14(11), 3935–3958. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020 Lefebre, F., Fettweis, X., Gallée, H., Van Ypersele, J.-P., Marbaix, P., Greuell, W., and Calanca, P. (2005). Evaluation of a high-resolution regional climate simulation over Greenland. Climate Dynamics, 25(1), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0005-8 Mattingly, K. S., Mote, T. L., Fettweis, X., van As, D., Van Tricht, K., Lhermitte, S., et al. (2020). Strong summer atmospheric rivers trigger Greenland ice sheet melt through spatially varying surface energy balance and cloud regimes. Journal of Climate, 33(16), 6809–6832. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0835.1

区域大气模式（Modèle Atmosphérique Régional，简称MAR）是一款区域气候模式，可与一维地表-大气能量与质量传输方案SISVAT（Soil Ice Snow Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer，土壤-冰-雪-植被-大气传输方案）实现完全耦合（Fettweis等，2005、2020；Lefebvre等，2005）。SISVAT采用多层积雪模式CROCUS，该模式可模拟融水产生、渗透与再冻结过程（Brun等，1989），同时还可考虑积雪变质作用引发的反照率变化（Brun等，1992）。MAR已针对格陵兰冰盖完成了广泛的验证工作，因此特别适用于格陵兰冰盖地表质量平衡的相关分析（Fettweis等，2011、2020；Lefebvre等，2005；Mattingly等，2020）。

Brun, E., Martin, E., Simon, V., Gendre, C., and Coléou, C. (1989). 适用于业务雪崩预报的积雪能量与质量模式。《冰川学杂志》（Journal of Glaciology），35卷，第333页。https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000009254
Brun, E., David, P., Sudul, M., and Brunot, G. (1992). 用于模拟业务雪崩预报所需积雪层序的数值模式。《冰川学杂志》（Journal of Glaciology），38卷第128期，第13–22页。https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000009552
Fettweis, X., Gallée, H., Lefebre, F., and van Ypersele, J.-P. (2005). 区域气候模式模拟的格陵兰地表质量平衡及与1990–1991年卫星反演数据的对比。《气候动力学》（Climate Dynamics），24卷第6期，第623–640页。https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0010-y
Fettweis, X., Tedesco, M., van den Broeke, M., and Ettema, J. (2011). 基于星载微波数据与区域气候模式的格陵兰冰盖（1958–2009年）融化趋势。《冰冻圈》（The Cryosphere），5卷第2期，第359–375页。https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-5-359-2011
Fettweis, X., Hofer, S., Krebs-Kanzow, U., Amory, C., Aoki, T., Berends, C. J., et al. (2020). GrSMBMIP：格陵兰冰盖1980–2012年模拟地表质量平衡的相互比较研究。《冰冻圈》（The Cryosphere），14卷第11期，第3935–3958页。https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-3935-2020
Lefebre, F., Fettweis, X., Gallée, H., Van Ypersele, J.-P., Marbaix, P., Greuell, W., and Calanca, P. (2005). 格陵兰地区高分辨率区域气候模拟的评估。《气候动力学》（Climate Dynamics），25卷第1期，第99–116页。https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0005-8
Mattingly, K. S., Mote, T. L., Fettweis, X., van As, D., Van Tricht, K., Lhermitte, S., et al. (2020). 夏季强大气河流通过空间异质性地表能量平衡与云系触发格陵兰冰盖融化。《气候杂志》（Journal of Climate），33卷第16期，第6809–6832页。https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0835.1